采样容器溶出氯离子对监测空气中氯化氢的干扰分析

试验了玻璃、聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯等不同材质容器溶出氯离子对环境空气中氯化氢测定的影响,指出测定结果偏高的原因在于采用玻璃气泡吸收管,分析了玻璃材质溶出氯离子的原因,建议采用特制的聚四氟乙烯或聚乙烯吸收管采样。     

水体中酮硝基麝香的臭氧氧化降解研究

采用臭氧氧化水体中的酮硝基麝香,考察pH、H2O2等因素对降解程度的影响,结果表明提高初始pH能加快酮硝基麝香的氧化降解,当pH为12时,反应时间1 h,酮硝基麝香几乎完全去除,浓度为2 mol/L和5 mol/L的H2O2存在有利于O3分解生成·OH自由基,使得酮硝基麝香的氧化降解速率加快,当H2O2浓度超过5 mol/L,H2O2会成为·OH的清除剂,降低·OH利用率;无论O3单独作用和O3/H2O2协同作用,酮硝基麝香降解符合准一级动力学规律;酮硝基麝香氧化降解产物包括甲酸、二乙酸和硝酸根等,其中硝基从苯环上脱落降低了硝基麝香对环境的风险.     

Efficient production of hydrogen peroxide in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells coupled with thermolytic solutions

● Appreciable H₂O₂ production rate was achieved in MRCs utilizing NH₄HCO₃ solutions. ● Carbon black outperformed activated carbon as the catalyst for H₂O₂ production. ● The optimum carbon black loading for H₂O₂ production on air-cathode was 10 mg/cm². ● The optimum number of cell pairs was determined to be three. ● A maximum power density of 980 mW/m² was produced by MRCs with 5 cell pairs. H₂O₂ was produced at an appreciable rate in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells (MRCs) coupled with thermolytic solutions, which can simultaneously capture waste heat as electrical energy. To determine the optimal cathode and membrane stack configurations for H₂O₂ production, different catalysts, catalyst loadings and numbers of membrane cell pairs were tested. Carbon black (CB) outperformed activated carbon (AC) for H₂O₂ production, although AC showed higher catalytic activity for oxygen reduction. The optimum CB loading was 10 mg/cm² in terms of both the H₂O₂ production rate and power production. The optimum number of cell pairs was determined to be three based on a tradeoff between H₂O₂ production and capital costs. A H₂O₂ production rate as high as 0.99 ± 0.10 mmol/(L·h) was achieved with 10 mg/cm² CB loading and 3 cell pairs, where the H₂O₂ recovery efficiency was 52 ± 2% and the maximum power density was 780 ± 37 mW/m². Increasing the number of cell pairs to five resulted in an increase in maximum power density (980 ± 21 mW/m²) but showed limited effects on H₂O₂ production. These results indicated that MRCs can be an efficient method for sustainable H₂O₂ production.     

黄磷尾气中总磷及磷化氢的测定

电炉法生产黄磷的过程中会产生大量的尾气,其主要成分是CO(85％～95％)．还有磷、硫、氟、砷、CO2、N2、H2等杂质。黄磷尾气中的磷主要以P4、PH3、P2O5等形式存在。一般尾气经过水洗后．P2O5大部分被水吸收,尾气中主要是P4、PH3。采用分光光度法分析总磷和气体检测管测定磷化氢,效果良好。     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous hydrogen peroxide on mineral dust

The heterogeneous uptake processes of hydrogen peroxide on Arizona test dust and two types of authentic Chinese mineral dusts, i.e., Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang calciferous dust, were investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The uptake coefficients were measured as a function of the initial concentration of H_2O_2 from 2.6 × 10~(11) to 1.2 × 10~(12)molecules/cm~3, and the temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was investigated over a range from 253 to 313 K. The concentration of H_2O_2 showed little effect on the uptake coefficients of these heterogeneous processes. As a function of temperature, the initial uptake coefficients decrease with increasing temperature, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of Arizona test dust and Inner Mongolia desert dust increase with increasing temperature. Implications for the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples were also discussed.     

厌氧氨氧化UASB系统对氨氮的超量去除机制研究

采用UASB反应器在改变NO₂^--N/NH₄⁺-N比条件下,考察厌氧氨氧化系统对NH₄⁺-N的超量去除特征、相关酶的催化活性以及污泥菌群结构.结果表明,随着进水NO₂^--N浓度降低,反应器对NH₄⁺-N的去除量相比理论较大,在停供NO₂^--N情况下,反应器内NH₄⁺-N去除可达55 mg/L.反应器内NH₄⁺-N的去除并不是是来自进水中SO₄^2-和Fe³⁺/EDTA络合物,而是存在NH₄⁺-N的好氧硝化.过氧化氢酶测定联合分子生物学技术分析显示,好氧硝化的所需氧量分别来自进水和过氧化氢酶产氧.反应器底部污泥层的氨氧化菌（AOB）、厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）活性优于上部污泥层,相反,上部污泥层的异养反硝化菌（HDB）活性优于底部污泥层,二者协同将NH₄⁺-N转化为N₂.     

处理生活污水湿地植物的筛选与净化潜力评价

为了建立一套科学的湿地植物筛选与净化潜力评价体系,以17种湿地植物为材料,在综合应用原有各种湿地植物筛选与评价指标的基础上,增加植物逆境酶和基质酶,对所有指标进行聚类分析.结果表明,17种植物的根系数量、长度、活力、叶片过氧化物酶活性、生长量、氮磷平均浓度、氮磷的积累能力存在一定的差异,根系附近基质脲酶活性与磷酸酶活性也存在一定的差异.根据净化潜力的综合评价体系,可以把17种植物聚类为3大类,第1大类净化潜力较强,包括美人蕉、芦苇、风车草、水葱、再力花、千屈菜、花叶美人蕉;第2大类净化潜力中等,包括菖蒲、花叶芦竹、香蒲、梭鱼草;第3大类净化潜力较弱,包括野芋、鸢尾、灯心草、葱兰、泽泻、花菖蒲.     

添加剂对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

以表面活性剂与偏硅酸钠的混合物作为添加剂,考察了添加剂的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加剂能抑制产甲烷菌的生长,且接种污泥无需预处理即可提高产氢量.另外,随着添加剂投加量的增大.体系中氢气的浓度增大,在5 g(干重)餐厨垃圾投加添加剂为1.75 g时,产氢量为114.5 mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计).但从经济和实用两方面考虑,选择最佳添加剂量为1.00 g.     

混合气液两相放电对水中有机物降解的机理研究

采用混合气液两相放电的方法来处理水中的有机物.结果表明,这种新型的水处理方法对于苯酚具有较好地去除效果．随着电压的增加和空气的通入,苯酚的去除率都有所增加. 对放电区域内产生的活性物种——过氧化氢和臭氧进行了定量的测定,并发现随着电压和空气的通入量的增加,这2种物质的量都有所增加．对于反应过程中的能耗进行分析得到随着电压的增加,能耗增加的幅度要大于苯酚降解率增加的幅度,能量效率增加较小. 空气的通入增加了能耗, 输入总能量中一部分能量使反应溶液温度升高,导致了能量的损耗.