北京市大气光化学氧化剂污染研究

根据在北京市开展的光化学氧化剂系列研究，讨论北京市主要光化学氧化剂Ｏ３ ，Ｈ２ Ｏ２ 和有机过氧化物的污染浓度水平及其污染特征，探讨光化学氧化剂的形成机制及其主要影响因素。结果表明，北京市存在严重的光化学氧化剂污染，中关村大气臭氧（Ｏ３） 最大浓度不仅逐年递增，而且Ｏ３ 最大值的出现时间也提前，说明大气光化学活性逐年增强。光化学烟雾的重要产物过氧化氢（ Ｈ２ Ｏ２） 和甲基过氧化氢（ ＭＨＰ） 的浓度水平较高，最大浓度分别为３－６９ 和３－２６ μｇ／ｍ ３ 。日益严重的大气ＮＯｘ 污染为光化学氧化剂的生成提供了充足的前体物，北京市的大气污染已逐渐转为机动车尾气污染型，控制北京市光化学氧化剂污染的有效途径是降低ＮＯｘ 排放     

Fe-Mn/AC催化湿式过氧化氢氧化间甲酚

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一种新型Fe-Mn/AC催化剂,应用于催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)间甲酚废水.通过SEM和XRF表征了其表面形态结构和元素组成,通过穆斯堡尔谱分析了催化剂中铁离子的存在形态,结果表明,新型Fe-Mn/AC催化剂中的铁以二价铁、三价铁以及四氧化三铁的形式存在.通过正交实验考察了CWPO降解间甲酚的影响因素,结果表明,各因素对间甲酚转化率影响的大小顺序依次为:底物初始p H值反应温度反应时间催化剂投加量.通过正交实验得到CWPO降解间甲酚的最佳反应条件.当间甲酚浓度为100 mg·L-1、反应温度为40℃、反应时间为40 min、催化剂投加量为0.6 g·L-1及底物初始p H值为3时,间甲酚转化率为99.8%,TOC去除率为28.3%.气相色谱/质谱联用没有检测到中间产物,气相色谱检测到CWPO降解间甲酚中间产物主要为乙酸和丙酸.     

Numerical modelling for effect of water curtain in mitigating toxic gas release

Hydrogen fluoride and ammonia are widely used in chemical industries. Both substances are hazardous and frequently a source of leakage accidents. Since a hydrogen fluoride release accident occurred in Gumi, S. Korea (2012), the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) has emphasized that special attention and management are needed with respect to toxic substances. For post-release mitigation, a water curtain is known as one of the most effective and economical systems. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program was used to identify the effect of using a water curtain as a mitigation system for toxic substances that leak out from industrial facilities. Simulations were conducted to analyze how effectively a water curtain could mitigate the dispersion of toxic substances. To verify the simulation's accuracy, the INERIS Ammonia dispersion experiment and Goldfish experiment were simulated and compared. Various water curtains were applied to the simulated field experiment to confirm the mitigation factors with toxic substances. The results show that the simulations and experiments are consistent and that the dispersion of toxic substances can be mitigated by water curtains in certain circumstances.     

Process safety aspects in water-gas-shift (WGS) membrane reactors used for pure hydrogen production

The syngas produced by coal gasification processes can be utilized in Pd-based water-gas-shift membrane reactors for the production of pure H₂. Pd/alloy composite membrane reactors exhibit comparative advantages over traditional packed bed reactors such as simultaneous reaction/separation in one compact unit and increased reaction yields. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive process intensification strategies could further enhance membrane reactor performance resulting in a substantially smaller and functional, inherently safer, environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient process.A systematic non-isothermal modeling framework under both steady state and dynamic/transient conditions for a catalytic high temperature water-gas shift reaction in a Pd-based membrane reactor has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process system at various operating conditions from a process safety standpoint. In particular, various reaction conditions as well as key process variables such as feed temperature and flow rate, catalyst loading, driving force for H₂ permeation are considered as they are critically related to various safety aspects in the operation of a Pd-based membrane reactor. Within the proposed framework, process parameters and operating conditions which may induce hazards and compromise process safety are identified, analyzed and characterized. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through detailed simulation studies in an illustrative case study involving a real Pd-based membrane reactor used for pure hydrogen production and separation that exhibits complex behavior over a wide operating regime.     

燃烧加热污染空气对超燃冲压发动机性能影响研究

针对燃烧加热地面试验设备存在的工质污染问题,采用数值模拟方法研究了燃烧加热污染空气对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机性能的影响。以飞行马赫数Ma=6.5,当量油气比ER=0.6为计算基准状态,分别对纯净空气和污染空气来流下氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的整机流场和性能进行了对比计算分析。燃烧化学反应模拟采用了改进的H₂/O₂七组分八方程模型,湍流模型为标准的 k-ε模型,并采用直连式燃烧室试验数据进行了数值方法的验证。研究结果表明:(1)相对于纯净空气来流,污染空气来流下的超燃冲压发动机推力和比冲均有所下降。(2)采用酒精燃烧加热器的前提下,来流参数匹配静温、静压、马赫数时,发动机性能与纯净空气来流下的结果最为接近,而匹配总温、总压、马赫数时相差最大。(3)来流参数匹配总焓、静压、马赫数的前提下,采用氢燃烧加热器时发动机性能与纯净空气来流下的结果最为接近,而采用甲烷燃烧加热器时相差最大。      

活性炭纤维电极产生过氧化氢的影响因素与机制研究

以活性炭纤维为阴极、RuO2/Ti网为阳极、Na2SO4为支持电解质的电化学体系为研究对象,研究了电流强度、pH值和溶解氧含量等主要参数对电化学体系产生H2O2的影响.结果显示,在电流强度0.12～0.50 A范围内,H2O2的生成量随着电流强度增大而升高,反应60 min后,H2O2浓度可达稳定值;电化学体系具有较宽泛的pH范围,初始pH在2.0～6.0时活性炭纤维阴极产生的H2O2均高于500μmol.L-1,pH 2.0时H2O2生成量最大,可达575.8μmol.L-1;体系中溶解氧浓度影响H2O2的电化学生成量,溶解氧浓度越高H2O2生成量越大;无背景气体通入时,电化学体系自身产生的溶解氧可以支持活性炭纤维阴极产生高浓度的H2O2.研究结果表明具有高比表面积的活性炭纤维电极是一种高效的电-Fenton阴极.     

O3/H2O2氧化工艺去除水中硝基苯的研究

以硝基苯为代表性有机污染物 ,对比了臭氧化和O3/H2 O2 高级氧化工艺对水中硝基苯的去除效果 .发现与臭氧化相比 ,O3/H2 O2 高级氧化工艺可以显著地提高水中硝基苯的去除效率 .无论在臭氧化还是在O3/H2 O2 高级氧化工艺中 ,水中硝基苯的降解都主要是由OH·完成的 .通过考察O3/H2 O2 高级氧化工艺去除水中硝基苯的影响因素发现 ,在O3和过H2 O2 投量相同的条件下 ,多次投加O3和催化剂H2 O2 对水中硝基苯的处理效果明显优于一次性投加 ;在本次试验条件下 ,O3/H2 O2 高级氧化工艺降解蒸馏水和自来水中硝基苯的最优H2 O2 与O3摩尔比均为 0 5 ,HCO- 3碱度水平 (以CaCO3计 )在低于 1 0 0mg/L范围内对去除硝基苯无显著影响     

Fenton法处理中年垃圾渗滤液双氧水利用率及处理效率

采用Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水,对影响双氧水利用率及CODCr去除率的各种因素,进行了研究。结果表明:Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水的最佳初始pH值为7,H2O2/Fe2+为4∶1,双氧水的经济投加量为0.05 mol/L,反应时间为3.5 h,混合催化剂可提高双氧水的利用率。CODCr去除率可达80.5%,双氧水利用率为153.9%,处理出水可达到垃圾渗滤液的二级排放标准。     

水中硫化氢的溶解规律

对气体在水中的溶解机制进行了分析，并结合实验数据导出了硫化氢在水中溶解度的预测公式，该预测公式准确度较高，其平均绝对误差及平均相对误差分别为０．０２６ｇ／Ｌ和０．０６２％．     

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of hydrogen releases and vented deflagrations in large enclosures

This paper presents model predictions obtained with the CFD tool FLACS for hydrogen releases and vented deflagrations in containers and larger enclosures. The paper consists of two parts. The first part compares experimental results and model predictions for two test cases: experiments performed by Gexcon in 20-foot ISO containers (volume 33 m³) as part of the HySEA project and experiments conducted by SRI International and Sandia National Laboratories in a scaled warehouse geometry (volume 45.4 m³). The second part explores the use of the model system validated in the first part to accidental releases of hydrogen from forklift trucks inside a full-scale warehouse geometry (32 400 m³). The results demonstrate the importance of using realistic and reasonably accurate geometry models of the systems under consideration when performing CFD-based risk assessment studies. The discussion highlights the significant inherent uncertainty associated with quantitative risk assessments for vented hydrogen deflagrations in complex geometries. The suggestions for further work include a pragmatic approach for developing empirical correlations for pressure loads from vented hydrogen deflagrations in industrial warehouses with hydrogen-powered forklift trucks.