Computational fluid dynamics simulations of hydrogen releases and vented deflagrations in large enclosures

This paper presents model predictions obtained with the CFD tool FLACS for hydrogen releases and vented deflagrations in containers and larger enclosures. The paper consists of two parts. The first part compares experimental results and model predictions for two test cases: experiments performed by Gexcon in 20-foot ISO containers (volume 33 m³) as part of the HySEA project and experiments conducted by SRI International and Sandia National Laboratories in a scaled warehouse geometry (volume 45.4 m³). The second part explores the use of the model system validated in the first part to accidental releases of hydrogen from forklift trucks inside a full-scale warehouse geometry (32 400 m³). The results demonstrate the importance of using realistic and reasonably accurate geometry models of the systems under consideration when performing CFD-based risk assessment studies. The discussion highlights the significant inherent uncertainty associated with quantitative risk assessments for vented hydrogen deflagrations in complex geometries. The suggestions for further work include a pragmatic approach for developing empirical correlations for pressure loads from vented hydrogen deflagrations in industrial warehouses with hydrogen-powered forklift trucks.     

Numerical modelling for effect of water curtain in mitigating toxic gas release

Hydrogen fluoride and ammonia are widely used in chemical industries. Both substances are hazardous and frequently a source of leakage accidents. Since a hydrogen fluoride release accident occurred in Gumi, S. Korea (2012), the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) has emphasized that special attention and management are needed with respect to toxic substances. For post-release mitigation, a water curtain is known as one of the most effective and economical systems. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program was used to identify the effect of using a water curtain as a mitigation system for toxic substances that leak out from industrial facilities. Simulations were conducted to analyze how effectively a water curtain could mitigate the dispersion of toxic substances. To verify the simulation's accuracy, the INERIS Ammonia dispersion experiment and Goldfish experiment were simulated and compared. Various water curtains were applied to the simulated field experiment to confirm the mitigation factors with toxic substances. The results show that the simulations and experiments are consistent and that the dispersion of toxic substances can be mitigated by water curtains in certain circumstances.     

阿曼LEKHWAIR油田钻井过程中硫化氢的监控与应急救援

硫化氢是一种剧毒气体,钻井过程中一旦发生硫化氢返出地面,发生泄漏,将会危及员工的生命。阿曼LEKHWAIR油田高含硫化氢,一些区块含量达到三级,在钻井作业过程中存在很大的风险。为此,在该区域钻井除了采取多层次的监控措施、配备三种检测设备,还制定了严格的作业程序以及各种应急救援方案。本文将根据该油田的实际作业情况对硫化氢的监控、防护和应急救援进行介绍。     

Investigation of an accidental explosion due to unintended mixing involving reactive chemicals at a waste storage tank

An accidental explosion occurred in a waste storage tank at an incineration plant in Kawasaki, Japan, on May 11, 1997. The accident was caused primarily by unintended mixing involving reactive chemicals, such as organic peroxides (POs) and acrylonitrile (AN). The PO initiated polymerization of AN and the heat released during the polymerization led to a runaway reaction and explosion. POs are widely used in the chemical industry and can be self-reactive and hazardous when mixed with other chemicals such as acids and alkalis. The goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the mixing hazard of chemicals through an evaluation of POs with other chemicals using conventional experimental techniques such as glass test-tube tests, Dewar vessel tests, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Seven types of POs were mixed with AN. Test results were classified into four ranks based on the hazard criteria. In addition, di(2-ethylhexyl)-peroxydicarbonate/AN mixtures were investigated in detail and the influences of the mixing ratio and the stirring rate were examined.     

机动车代用燃料性能比较

由于机动车对大气环境污染的贡献率越来越大，以及石油等能源面临枯竭，代用燃料逐渐进人人们的生活，如天然气、甲醇、乙醇、氢燃料和液化石油气等等。这些燃料因其物理、化学性质不同，所表现出来的动力性能、排放性能、经济性能和其他方面（如存储、运输、原料等）也有很大区别。通过比较得出，代用燃料比传统燃料更为清洁，但在其他方面还有待进一步改善。     

微波-过氧化氢联合作用处理污泥的影响因素

作为一种新的污泥预处理技术,微波-过氧化氢联合作用处理污泥显示出高效、快速的优势.试验考察了3个主要参数:污泥浓度(定量H2O2和等比例H2O2/TSS投加)、微波功率和pH值对微波-过氧化氢联合作用处理污泥的影响.研究结果表明:①在H2O2定量投加(5000mg·L-1)时,当污泥浓度超过22g·L-1,溶出COD没有显著增加;在H2O2与TSS等比例投加条件下,COD溶出与污泥浓度呈线性关系;②微波功率在200～1000W范围内不影响污泥处理效果;③在微波-过氧化氢联合作用处理污泥时,污泥溶解比例随着污泥初始pH值的提高而增加.     

Electrostatic ignition of sensitive flammable mixtures: Is charge generation due to bubble bursting in aqueous solutions a credible hazard?

Experiments have been conducted to gain insight into the credibility of sparging aqueous solutions as an electrostatic ignition hazard for sensitive hydrogen/air or fuel/oxygen mixtures (Minimum Ignition Energies of ∼0.017 mJ and ∼0.002 mJ, respectively, compared to ∼0.25 mJ for hydrocarbon/air mixtures). Tests performed in a 0.5 m³ ullage produced electric field strengths between 125 and 560 V m⁻¹ for air flows of 5–60 l min⁻¹, respectively, comprised of 2–4 mm diameter bubbles. Field strength can be related to the space charge and fitting to an exponential accumulation curve enabled the charge generation rate from the air flows to be estimated. This was observed to be directly proportional to the air flow and its magnitude was consistent with literature data for bubble bursts. The charge accumulation observed at laboratory scale would not be a cause for concern. On the basis of a simple model, the charge accumulation in a 27 m³ ullage was predicted for a range of air flows. It is apparent from such calculations that ignition of hydrocarbon/air mixtures would not be expected. However, it would seem possible that field strengths might be sufficient to cause a risk of incendive spark or corona discharges in moderately sized vessels with sensitive flammable mixtures.     

性畸变疣荔枝螺体内保护酶系统活力的研究

以疣荔枝螺（Thais clavigera）为研究材料,取不同程度性畸变雌性个体,以生存于同一生境中的雄性个体为对照,检测了性畸变个体与正常雌性和雄性超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脂质过氧化物（LPO）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的差异,探讨TBT对性畸变个体SOD、LPO及CAT活性的影响。结果表明,疣荔枝螺性畸变程度愈严重,以上生化指标的差异愈明显,并呈现一定的规律性。     

CaO2不同投加方式对底泥磷释放的抑制效果分析

利用CaO₂进行底泥修复,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了2种不同的CaO₂投加方式(混匀和覆盖)上覆水活性磷酸盐(SRP)的变化趋势,并通过底泥磷形态之间的转变来分析其不同效果的原因.结果表明,混匀条件和覆盖条件下上覆水的SRP浓度呈现2种不同的变化趋势,前者先降低后增加而后者则持续降低,平均释放速率分别为6.077 mg/(m²·d)和-0.879mg/(m²·d).底泥磷的分级提取实验结果表明,铁磷的不同变化趋势是CaO₂投加方式引起底泥磷释放不同效果的内在原因.     

Degradation kinetics and mechanism of trace nitrobenzene by granular activated carbon enhanced microwave/hydrogen peroxide system

The kinetics of the degradation of trace nitrobenzene (NB) by a granular activated carbon (GAC) enhanced microwave (MW)/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system was studied. Effects of pH, NB initial concentration and tert-butyl alcohol on the removal efficiency were examined. It was found that the reaction rate fits well to first-order reaction kinetics in the MW/GAC/H₂O₂ process. Moreover, GAC greatly enhanced the degradation rate of NB in water. Under a given condition (MW power 300 W, H₂O₂ dosage 10 mg/L, pH 6.85 and temperature (60±5)℃), the degradation rate of NB was 0.05214 min^-1 when 4 g/L GAC was added. In general, alkaline pH was better for NB degradation; however, the optimum pH was 8.0 in the tested pH value range of 4.0-12.0. At H₂O₂ dosage of 10 mg/L and GAC dosage of 4 g/L, the removal of NB was decreased with increasing initial concentrations of NB, indicating that a low initial concentration was beneficial for the degradation of NB. These results indicated that the MW/GAC/H₂O₂ process was effective for trace NB degradation in water. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that a hydroxyl radical addition reaction and dehydrogenation reaction enhanced NB degradation.