Biogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry of a landfill leachate plume

The biogeochemical processes were identified which improved the leachate composition in the flow direction of a landfill leachate plume (Banisveld, The Netherlands). Groundwater observation wells were placed at specific locations after delineating the leachate plume using geophysical tests to map subsurface conductivity. Redox processes were determined using the distribution of solid and soluble redox species, hydrogen concentrations, concentration of dissolved gases (N(2), Ar, and CH(4)), and stable isotopes (delta15N-NO(3), delta34S-SO(4), delta13C-CH(4), delta2H-CH(4), and delta13C of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively)). The combined application of these techniques improved the redox interpretation considerably. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased downstream in association with increasing delta13C-DOC values confirming the occurrence of degradation. Degradation of DOC was coupled to iron reduction inside the plume, while denitrification could be an important redox process at the top fringe of the plume. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope signatures of methane indicated that methane was formed inside the landfill and not in the plume. Total gas pressure exceeded hydrostatic pressure in the plume, and methane seems subject to degassing. Quantitative proof for DOC degradation under iron-reducing conditions could only be obtained if the geochemical processes cation exchange and precipitation of carbonate minerals (siderite and calcite) were considered and incorporated in an inverse geochemical model of the plume. Simulation of delta13C-DIC confirmed that precipitation of carbonate minerals happened.     

Effect of self-inhibition at a flame propagation in rich gaseous mixtures of combustible–air–diluent

An analysis of published experimental data characterizing the influence of diluents of various chemical nature (both halogenated and chemically inert) on upper flammability limits of flammable gases in air (methane and hydrogen have been considered as examples) has been done. Dependences of critical oxygen concentration and critical fuel equivalence ratio _cr for mixtures combustible–air–diluent at upper flammability limits on diluent concentration were determined. The obtained data were interpreted on the basis of the concept of self-inhibition at combustion of rich mixtures of organic combustibles in air. A method for evaluation of relative effectiveness of various inhibitors and for determination of availability of self-inhibitive properties of a combustible gas has been proposed.     

Hazard evaluation of hydrogen–air deflagration with flame propagation velocity measurement by image velocimetry using brightness subtraction

Deflagration phenomena in hydrogen–air mixtures initially filled in 1.4 m³ spherical latex balloons were measured using a high-speed digital video camera and pressure transducers. The image velocimetry using brightness subtraction was introduced to eliminate the background effects for obtaining accurate time evolution records of flame propagation velocity. The maximum flame propagation velocity of about 100 m/s was observed with maximum overpressure 15 kPa at 1 m from ignition point. According to the detailed flame propagation velocity records, there were long deceleration durations. The observed maximum overpressure was smaller than the overpressure estimated by the basis of the observed maximum flame propagation velocity and the pressure wave theories of spherical flames. A new blast curve plot of scaled overpressure vs. distance was tentatively proposed.     

Safety distances for hydrogen filling stations

In the context of spatial planning the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment asked the Centre for External Safety of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) to advice on safe distances pertaining to hydrogen filling stations. The RIVM made use of failure modeling and parameters for calculating the distance in detail. An imaginary hydrogen filling station for cars is used in the determination of ‘external safety’ or third party distances for the installations and the pipe work for three different sizes of hydrogen filling stations. For several failure scenarios ‘effect’ distances are calculated for car filling at 350 and 700 bar. Safe distances of filling stations from locations where people live and work appear to be similar for compressed hydrogen, gasoline/petrol and compressed natural gas. Safe distances for LPG are greater. A filling unit for hydrogen can be placed at gasoline/petrol-filling stations without increasing safety distances.     

国内外液相过氧化氢的测定方法及其进展

介绍过氧化氢在纺织行业、化工行业、造纸工业、环保行业、电子行业、食品卫生行业及其他领域的应用概况,系统总结国内外过氧化氢的测定技术进展,着重分析常规滴定法、电化学法、分光光度法、化学发光法、荧光光度法、色谱法等6种过氧化氢的检测分析方法,比较了各种分析方法的优缺点,并指出电化学分析方法领域中研究消除干扰和提高重现性将继续是研究的重点;分光光度法由于方法简单,不需要复杂的设备,选择性较好,但是其测试灵敏度取决于所产生吸光物质的摩尔吸收系数,方法应用有限;化学发光法和荧光法,灵敏度高,可实现连续自动操作,尽管需要昂贵的设备,但其市场应用前景还相当不错。目前酶的利用也在一定程度上提高了其灵敏度和选择性,同时流动技术的发展大大提高了其测定速度,因此,化学发光法和荧光法测定过氧化氢含量仍是今后学者研究的重点之一,具有相当广阔的前景。     

Hydrogen production from biomass

The ‘hydrogen economy’ has received considerable attention in academic, industrial and political contexts. There are opportunities for vast reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, increased energy security and greater overall efficiency. However, if hydrogen is to become a fundamental energy source for electrical power generation, as well as a transportation fuel, novel generation pathways will be necessary to meet the increase in demand. A promising means for generating hydrogen is the thermochemical conversion of biomass to a synthesis gas, composed of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane. In order to manipulate the composition and maximise the hydrogen output, a calcium-based carbon dioxide sorbent can be utilised in situ. The removal of carbon dioxide alters the reaction chemistry to preferentially produce hydrogen. In this work we report on the characterisation of a likely Ca-based carbon dioxide sorbent and demonstrate the merits of hydrogen production from biomass, with in situ carbon dioxide capture, on the basis of a thermodynamic study. Using this model we show that hydrogen output from biomass gasification can be increased from 40%-vol to 80%-vol (dry basis) when a carbon dioxide sorbent is used.     

沈阳市污泥堆存处置过程恶臭预警集成技术研究

为解决沈阳市污泥堆存处置过程恶臭污染管理与预警方面存在的问题,文章研究了污泥恶臭产生条件、污泥堆存处置过程恶臭污染特征,明确了污泥堆存处置过程的恶臭风险因素。应用层次分析法构建了恶臭风险评估与分级预警指标体系,并通过案例分析对指标体系进行了优化,在此基础上开发了恶臭风险评估与分级预警系统软件,为企业恶臭风险管理提供了技术支撑,为环境管理部门提供了科学的监管方法。     

焙烧温度对催化剂Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2性能的影响

采用浸渍法在不同焙烧温度下制备了用于湿式H202降解吡虫啉农药废水的Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂,利用TG、BET、XRD和XPS等对其进行了表征,研究了焙烧温度对催化剂表面结构的影响以及催化剂表面结构与活性及稳定性之间的关系.结果表明:降低焙烧温度,cu、Ni、ce之间的相互作用使得催化剂晶粒尺寸减小,比表面积增加,Cu、Ni固溶体量和催化剂表面化学吸附氧量增加.湿式H,O,降解吡虫啉农药废水时,600℃下焙烧获得的Cu-Ni-Ce/Si02催化剂活性最高;在催化剂用量10 g·L-1、反应温度为110℃、双氧水用量为理论需用量、进水pH为9.0、反应时间为60 min的条件下,COD去除率为91.5%,活性组分溶出量较小.研究结果表明,焙烧温度对CuO、NiO、CeO,及Cu、Ni固溶体之间的相瓦作用有较大影响,从而影响了催化剂湿式降解吡虫啉农药废水的活性和稳定性.     

双氧水爆炸事故机理分析及预防措施研究

为了对双氧水引起的爆炸事故的机理进行分析,用加速量热仪对双氧水进行了热危险性测试.通过对数据校正和分析,得到了浓度为30%的双氧水初始热分解温度为34.5 ℃,热分解可达到的最高温度为246 ℃,最大温升速率时间为100 min.结果表明,双氧水极易发生爆炸,并且爆炸威力很大.针对双氧水的爆炸危险,提出采取适当的预防措施,如冷却水法,以避免爆炸事故的发生.     

辉光放电等离子体处理印染废水的实验研究

用辉光放电等离子体技术印染废水降解进行了研究,通过测定CODcr、BOD和pH值的变化初步探讨了降解机理。结果表明:在辉光放电降解印染废水的过程中,发现仅是采用辉光放电水处理技术时,因为过氧化氢的生成导致废水CODcr有一定的升高,而废水的BOD几乎没有变化,说明辉光放电对印染废水几乎没有降解效果;而在亚铁离子的加入后,印染废水出现明显的降解效果,当亚铁离子加入量为50 mg时,印染废水的CODcr和BOD的去除率分别为41.2%和46.2%,降解率得到了很大的提高。