Effects of injection timing,injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of cottonseed oil methyl ester-fuelled diesel engine

Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. Evolving technology and a recurring energy crisis necessitates a continuous investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. In this paper, cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) was used in a four-stroke, single-cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine. Tests were carried out to study the effects of fuel injection timing, fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance and combustion of COME biodiesel fuel used in a compression ignition engine with a single fuel mode. Fuel injection timing varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in incremental steps of 4° bTDC; fuel IOP varied from 210 to 240 bar in incremental steps of 10 bar. Fuel nozzle injectors with three, four and five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. The results suggested that with retarded injection timing of 19° bTDC, increased IOP of 230 bar and a four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with an increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced HC, CO and smoke emission levels.     

基于单片机的电话报警系统的设计与实现

在已普及的公共电话网基础上研制一种新型家用自动报警系统,对于保障居民的生命财产安全,提高快速反应能力,有着十分重要的意义.它可以监测火灾、盗贼入室行窃和老年人发出的呼救信号,并自动电话拨号报警和语音报警.整个系统以单片机AT89C51为核心,结合DTMF(双音多频)远程数据传输技术,采用无线数据传输方式,不需重新布线,特别适用于已装修用户及布线不方便的场合.系统通过多次的测试,显示了快速、有效、多功能的特点,具备很强的实用性.     

Effect of mixing chamber venturi,injection timing,compression ratio and EGR on the performance of dual-fuel engine operated with HOME and CNG

Stringent environmental policies and the ever increasing demand for energy have triggered interest in novel combustion technologies that use alternative fuels as energy sources. Of these, pilot-ignited compressed natural gas (CNG) engines that employ small biodiesel pilot to ignite a premixed natural gas–air mixture have received considerable attention. This paper discusses the effect of mixing chamber venturi, injection timing, compression ratio and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance of dual-fuel engine operated on biodiesel derived from honge oil and is called honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and CNG. The proposed study mainly focuses on the manifold induction of CNG along with HOME injection. However, CNG can also be injected using port or direct gas injector (Lakshmanan and Nagarajan 2010, Energy 35, pp. 3172–3178). The future study will involve these methods of CNG injection. From this study, it is concluded that an advanced injection timing and an increased compression ratio resulted in increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However, nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) emission increased significantly. The increased NO _x emission was effectively reduced with EGR method. A mixing chamber venturi of 3 mm size, injection timing of 27° before top dead centre (BTDC), compression ratio of 17.5 and 10% EGR were found to be optimum for the modified compression ignition engine that was operated on CNG–HOME dual-fuel mode.     

Ignition advancement study for optimized characteristics of a raw biogas operated spark ignition engine

In the current investigation, raw biogas obtained from rural sectors was used as the alternative to gasoline fuel in the spark ignition (SI) engine. The performance and efficiency are mainly dependent on the combustion phasing for which “ignition timing” is an effective tool in a SI engine. Hence, the objective of the present work is to understand the effect of “variable ignition timing” for a biogas-fueled SI engine. For this purpose, a single cylinder, 4-stroke, SI engine of rated power 4.5 kW was operated with raw biogas at a compression ratio (CR) of 10. By maintaining a speed of 1650 rpm, the engine was operated in wide open (WOT) and part throttle (PT) mode with an equivalence ratio of 0.81 and 0.83, respectively. It was observed that the biogas fueled SI engine was found to be operative only within the ignition advance (IA) range of 33–47° CA bTDC both in WOT and PT conditions. The results showed optimal brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) are achieved at 45° CA bTDC. The average peak cylinder pressure, neat heat release rate (NHRR) and mean gas temperature (MGT) are also observed to be maximum while CO and HC emission at this point of IA were found to be minimum. Due to controlled and complete combustion, CO₂ and NO_x concentration in the exhaust emission were found to be higher at this point of ignition timing.     

基于ARM的非接触式IC卡控制器设计

介绍了非接触式读卡模块ZLG500A数据传输时序和传输协议,并采用ARM微处理器LPC2103的GPIO方式,根据ZLG500A的数据传输规范模拟相应的SPI时序,设计非接触式IC卡控制器软硬件系统,完成了非接触式IC卡数据的读写,在此基础上开发出非接触式IC卡门禁应用系统,系统实际运行效果良好.     

柴油预喷参数对进气预喷甲醇柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台满足国Ⅵ排放的柴油机基础上,采用进气预喷甲醇的方式替代原机的尿素辅助的选择性还原技术（SCR）,探究不同柴油预喷油量和预喷时刻对发动机燃烧、性能和排放的影响.结果表明：在最大扭矩转速1690 r·min^-1和280 N·m （1.25 MPa BMEP）工况下,当甲醇在整个燃料的能量占比（占总燃料能量的63%~65%）和柴油预喷时刻不变时,柴油预喷油量从1.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量8%）增加到7.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量48%）可以有效改善甲醇混合气的活性,此时达到50%燃料燃烧放热量（CA50）会提前,燃烧速率增大,气缸内燃烧爆压（P_max）和最高压力升高率（R_max）提高,同时有效热效率（Brake Thermal Efficiency,BTE）增加6%,PM、CO和THC比排放分别降低50%、61%和29%.但预喷油量超过6 mg·cyc^-1时,NO_x排放显著增加.相比之下,柴油预喷时刻的变化对发动机燃烧的影响较小.适当提前预喷可以在降低P_max和R_max的同时减少NO_x、CO和PM比排放.因此,采用优化的柴油预喷参数可以获得更高的有效热效率和极低的排放.     

林产品生物碳通量的动态生命周期评估

将时间因素和生物碳通量纳入林产品生命周期碳足迹评估,通过动态生命周期分析法(Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment,DLCA),确定林产品生产、使用和废弃阶段替代化石能源的净温室气体减排和对森林碳损失的净弥补时间。首先,建立温室气体排放和封存的动态生命周期清单,评估刨花板全生命周期的碳动态和碳足迹;其次,根据ISO 14040和PAS 2050标准提供的静态生命周期分析法分别核算包含与不包含碳储计算的碳足迹,量化时间因素和生物碳通量对于碳足迹结果差异的影响程度;最后,对比自然生长状态的森林碳汇情境,评估刨花板使用和废弃阶段替代化石燃料实现净气候减排所需的时间。研究表明:①时间因素和生物碳通量核算对碳足迹结果影响较大(223.34%),忽视时间因素会低估刨花板的减排贡献(18.98%)。②动态生命周期分析法可准确评估生物碳和温室气体排放的时间问题,但对时间范围非常敏感(75.19%和113.25%)。③生产、使用林产品以及林产品对化石能源的替代是实现长期气候减排的有效方式,在100a的时间范围能够弥补因森林砍伐造成的碳损失,从而实现碳中性。     

Effect of injection timing,injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of a compression ignition engine operated on non-edible oil methyl esters from different sources

Increasing cost of fossil fuels, environmental threats from exhaust emissions and their depleting nature have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. This study investigates the suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) to four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel injection timing (IT), fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and HOME in the modified CI engine. IT was varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in steps of 4° bTDC; IOP was varied from 205 to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of three to five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. It was concluded that a retarded IT of 19° bTDC increased IOP of 230 bar, and four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide smoke emissions for the fuels tested.     

The role of respondents’ comfort for variance in stated choice surveys: evidence from a SCUBA diving case

Preference elicitation among outdoor recreational users is subject to measurement errors that depend, in part, on survey planning. This study uses data from a choice experiment survey on recreational SCUBA diving to investigate whether self-reported information on respondents’ comfort when they complete surveys correlates with the error variance in stated choice models of their responses. Comfort-related variables are included in the scale functions of the scaled multinomial logit models. The hypothesis was that higher comfort reduces error variance in answers, as revealed by a higher scale parameter and vice versa. Information on, e.g., sleep and time since eating (higher comfort) correlated with scale heterogeneity, and produced lower error variance when controlled for in the model. That respondents’ comfort may influence choice behavior suggests that knowledge of the respondents’ activity patterns could be used to plan the timing of interviews to decrease error variance in choices and, hence, generate better information.