长江船舶苯酚泄漏污染事故的应急监测

从方案制定、监测布点、现场工作等方面,阐述长江南通段船舶苯酚泄漏污染事故的应急监测工作。通过案例分析并比对国内其他类似事故,明确该类型事故具有污染源不确定性强、污染扩散速度快、污染影响范围广等特点。应对类似事件,通过建立应急统一指挥中心、现场应急监测实验室、模型预测等技术手段,可以提高应急监测的科学性和主动性。     

Managing Fleet Capacity Effectively Under Second-Hand Market Redistribution

Fishing capacity management policies have been traditionally implemented at national level with national targets for capacity reduction. More recently, capacity management policies have increasingly targeted specific fisheries. French fisheries spatially vary along the French coastline and are associated to specific regions. Capacity management policies, however, ignore the capital mobility associated with second-hand vessel trade between regions. This is not an issue for national policies but could limit the effectiveness of regional capacity management policies. A gravity model and a random-effect Poisson regression model are used to analyze the determinants and spatial extent of the second-hand market in France. This study is based on panel data from the French Atlantic Ocean between 1992 and 2009. The trade flows between trading partners is found to increase with their sizes and to be spatially concentrated. Despite the low trade flows between regions, a net impact analysis shows that fishing capacity is redistributed by the second-hand market to regions on the Channel and Aquitaine from central regions. National capacity management policies (constructions/destructions) have induced a net decrease in regional fleet capacity with varying magnitude across regions. Unless there is a change of policy instruments or their scale of implementation, the operation of the second-hand market decreases the effectiveness of regional capacity management policies in regions on the Channel and Aquitaine.     

侧入式搅拌槽中多相流流场特性的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学(CFD)技术对不同安装偏角的侧入式搅拌反应器中单相及多相流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,典型安装偏角下,搅拌槽内流场是由内部围绕搅拌槽中心的高速环形上升流和外部沿搅拌槽壁面的低速下降流组成的大循环流。水平偏角既增加了整个搅拌槽流场的平均速度,有利于固体颗粒在整个搅拌槽内的悬浮性能,又增大了槽底高速流体区域的面积,因而改善了槽底固相沉积状况。竖直偏角增大了槽底高速流体区域的面积,并对槽底施加一定的冲刷作用,从而进一步降低了槽底固相沉积的可能性。无安装偏角时槽底固含率最多的地方主要积聚在搅拌器下方区域。搅拌器在水平偏角θ=10°,竖直偏角φ=5°时槽底大部分区域的固含率分布较均匀,仅在槽底搅拌器右侧的壁面区域存在小面积的固含率较高区域,在该安装偏角下整个搅拌槽的固液悬浮性能及防止底部固相沉积性能达到最佳。     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

垂直流人工湿地系统中水流规律的研究

对一种新型的垂直流人工湿地系统的水流特性进行了研究。考察了系统的运行状况及介质中滞留区的分布范围，并且运用化学工程中反应器理论，采用示踪剂试验的方法得到了垂直流人工湿地系统的停留时间分布与污水的实际停留时间。根据水流停留时间分布函数对系统实际液流流态进行了数学模拟，提出二级串联的理想完全混合反应器（CSTR）模型能够较好地模拟垂直流人工湿地系统中水流的流动形态。     

长江干线船舶防污工作的现状、存在的问题及对策

论述了长江干线船舶污染危害以及有关方面为防止船舶污染已采取的措施，指出了在长江干线船舶防污工作中还存在的问题，并提出了解决问题的建议。     

江苏省内河船舶大气污染物排放清单及特征

基于船舶签证、过闸数据以及AIS数据,采用船舶引擎功率的方法建立了江苏省内河船舶大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2014年江苏省内河船舶共排放NO_x18. 71万t、SO_25. 13万t、PM_(2.5)0. 82万t、PM_(10)1. 10万t、HC 0. 64万t、CO 1. 67万t和CO_21 051. 13万t;对于内河船舶(不计长江),干货船污染物排放量最大,吨位范围200～600 t的污染物排放量最高,船舶正常航行工况下污染物排放量最高;对于长江江苏段抵港船舶,非集装箱货轮污染物排放量最高,装卸货工况下污染物排放量最高,其次是巡航状态,对于不同动力单元,主机和辅机是主要排放单元;对于长江江苏段过境船舶,非集装箱货轮的污染物排放量最高,其次为油轮,缓慢行驶状态下各污染物排放量均为最高,对于不同动力单元,SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)主机排放量高于辅机;京杭运河苏北段航道单位航道长度大气污染物排放量较大,苏南航道次之;江苏省内河船舶排放受时间影响较小,除2月排放占比略小外,其余月份排放占比基本较为均匀,均在8%～10%左右.     

液化气球罐区消防演练过程问题分析及对策

对液化气球罐区泄漏消防演练过程存在的问题进行了分析,提出了整改措施和建议.     

微生物燃料电池耦合连续搅拌反应系统(CSTR)低温下处理“糖蜜-电镀”废水

为提高传统微生物燃料电池(MFC)在低温条件下的效率,实现实验装置放大化.本实验将连续搅拌反应系统(CSTR)与双极室微生物燃料电池系统相结合,连续流处理糖蜜废水,并间接回收金属单质,处理模拟电镀废水,考察系统的产电性能和废水处理效果.结果表明,当系统稳定运行后,最高电压及功率密度分别可达到340 m V和58.65 m W·m-2.20 d后,系统COD去除率明显增加,最高COD去除率可达到81%.实验运行10 d后,银离子开始析出,最高去除率可达到90%左右.     

Rapid start-up of mesophilic dry anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)

Under mesophilic conditions (37 °C), a bench-scale experiment of dry fermentation start-up using kitchen waste was conducted in a fed-batch single phase reactor over a period of 40 days. The results showed that (1) comparing biogas production, efficiencies, and methane concentrations, three apparent different stages emerged: adaption, growth, and stability; (2) in adaption and growth stages, daily biogas production was 0–0.2 L/day and 0.2–0.4 L/day, respectively, and the concentration of methane in the biogas was 22.91% and 48.79%, respectively, with a biodegradation rate of approximately 34.72% in the adaption phase and 27.60% during the growth phase; (3) in the stability stage, the biogas production efficiency attained the maximal level and stabilized at approximately 0.6–0.4 L/day and the concentration of methane was 54.32%. Furthermore, the pH fell to 4.15, and the concentration of chemical oxygen demand increased from 51.139 to 119.295 mg/ml.