Long-term thermophilic mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion with potato pulp

In this study, mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp were studied for the first time in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) experiments at 55 °C. Rendering wastes have high protein and lipid contents and are considered good substrates for methane production. However, accumulation of digestion intermediate products viz., volatile fatty acids (VFAs), long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N and/or free NH₃) can cause process imbalance during the digestion. Mono-digestion of rendering wastes at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 kg volatile solids (VS)/m³ d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 50 d was unstable and resulted in methane yields of 450 dm³/kg VS_fed. On the other hand, co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp (60% wet weight, WW) at the same OLR and HRT improved the process stability and increased methane yields (500–680 dm³/kg VS_fed). Thus, it can be concluded that co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp could improve the process stability and methane yields from these difficult to treat industrial waste materials.     

常温CSTR部分亚硝化影响因素及工况优化研究

为了更好地实现并维持稳定的部分亚硝化效果,以低氨氮人工配水为研究对象,采用连续流完全混合式活性污泥法(CSTR),在常温条件下对部分亚硝化工艺的影响因子和准佳工况进行了研究。结果表明,HRT=(3.0±0.2)h,DO为0.40～0.50 mg/L,回流比R=20%～30%时,平均氨氧化率为53%,且工艺出水NO2--N/NH4+-N平均为1.11∶1,适宜作为系统长期稳定运行的工况。若持续缩短HRT会导致反应器内污泥浓度降低,部分亚硝化效果受到影响。反应器在上述工况运行时,DO=0.50 mg/L是亚硝化率下降的临界浓度;系统进出水pH差值可良好表征出水亚硝酸盐氮与氨氮浓度的比例。     

垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的深度处理组合工艺

采用"混凝-电解氧化-完全混合式活性污泥法(CSTR)"组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水。探索了工艺的组合及各种工艺操作条件对垃圾渗滤液深度处理效果的影响,并对其影响机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,以PAC为混凝剂时,在pH和药剂(有效成分)投加量分别为6.0和600 mg/L条件下,渗滤液COD去除率达到50%,有效降低了难溶惰性COD含量,缩短了后续电化学处置时间。混凝工艺后,采用电化学工艺处理,在最优工艺条件下:pH为6.0、电流I为1.2 A(电流密度为18.18 mA/cm2)、Cl-投加量为1 000 mg/L、极板距离为2 cm,电解30 min渗滤液COD去除率达到36%,同时,难降解有毒物含量明显降低,渗滤液可生化性TbOD/COD由10%提升至最大值64%。最后采用CSTR处理渗滤液电解出水,系统出水COD、氨氮和色度分别为100~150 mg/L、7~13 mg/L和25倍,为反渗透(RO)工序提供了良好的水质条件。     

Coupling effects of venting and inerting on explosions in interconnected vessels

The coupling effects of venting and CO₂ inerting on stoichiometric methane-air mixture explosions were investigated in an isolated vessel and interconnected vessels. The results indicate that venting mitigates the explosion intensity, especially for small vessels. For vessels connected by pipes, a venting design following EN 14994 (2007) and NFPA 68 (2013) could not meet the venting requirements. For an isolated big vessel and interconnected vessels, increasing the CO₂ volume fraction (Φ) from 0 to 15.0 vol% decreased the maximum explosion overpressure (P_max) and maximum rate of overpressure rise ((dP/dt)_max) and delayed t_max. For closed interconnected vessels, P_max varied approximately linearly with Φ. For both isolated vessel and interconnected vessels, the coupling effects of venting and CO₂ inerting on methane-air explosion were more efficient than those of individual mitigative method (that is, venting alone or CO₂ inerting alone).     

珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的成本与环境效益

船舶对区域大气污染的贡献备受关注.为控制船舶大气污染物排放,推进我国靠港船舶转用低硫油,以珠江口湾区为案例区,在利用统计分析法确定船舶辅机功率、靠港时间等关键参数的基础上,采用燃料动力法估算靠港船舶转用低硫油的经济成本与环境效益.结果表明:①珠江口湾区靠港船舶燃油消耗量大,2015年珠江口湾区船舶在靠港期间的总耗油量达31.35×104 t.②珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的环境效益显著.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT（载重吨）的靠港船舶转用w（S）（硫含量）为0.5%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少792.8、729.1、566.3、6 979.9 t;转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少835.3、792.8、1769.7、8 155.0 t.③靠港船舶转用低硫油会增加船东的成本.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶都转用w（S）为0.1%的燃料油,因燃油价格差导致的额外成本为2.29×108元.在目前航运经济不景气的背景下,可通过财政补贴方式鼓励船东转用低硫油.参照深圳对靠港船舶转用低硫油的补贴政策,2015年大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶转用w（S）为0.5%的燃油时需补贴资金1.71×108元,转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时需补贴资金2.29×108元.研究显示,靠港船舶转用低硫油能显著降低大气污染物排放,但转用低硫油需要船东承担一定的经济成本,政府应通过补贴等激励方式,逐步推进靠港船舶转用低硫油.      

重大危险源辨识若干问题的探讨与研究

根据GB18218—2000《重大危险源辨识》标准,在重大危险源定义和分类的基础上,从物质的固有能量和诱发能量两方面考虑,提出了以当量法来确定重大危险源的方法。首先简介我国现行的重大危险源辨识标准,进而分析了GB18218—2000《重大危险源辨识》标准所存在的若干问题,并进行了研究与探讨;从能量的观点出发,证明了某些压力容器、压力管道和锅炉应确定为重大危险源,应进行登记和实施监控。研究的成果为进一步开展全国重大危险源普查工作和重大危险源辨识标准的修订提供了有效途径和理论依据。     

CFD simulation of shortstopping runaway reactions in vessels agitated with impellers and jets

Runaway reactions are continuing to be a problem in the chemical industry. A recent study showed that 26% of our major chemical plant accidents are due to runaways. The consequences of runaway reactions are usually mitigated with (a) reliefs and containment systems or (b) shortstopping (reaction inhibition). This study covers the concept of shortstopping.

One of the major reasons for runaways is power failure. In the advent of a power failure, mixing an inhibiting agent with the reactor contents is challenging. However, jets or impellers driven by a small generator can be used for mixing. This study compares shortstopping results in vessels agitated with jets and impellers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A commercial CFD code, Fluent is used.

For shortstopping systems relying on jet mixing, angle and diameter of jet nozzle and jet velocity are the key design/operating parameters. For the systems with impellers, type, size and RPM of impeller are the key parameters. In this work, mixing with a jet mixer is first investigated for three nozzle diameters and two angles of injection. The best jet mixer configuration on the basis of mixing time is used for shortstopping studies. The simulated shortstopping results with the jet mixer are then compared with those obtained with impeller (Rushton and pitched blade turbine) stirred vessels. Our results identify the conditions for effective shortstopping; i.e., agitation requirements, locations for adding the inhibitor, and the quantity of inhibitor.

The distribution of excess inhibitor is shown to be an important and essential design criterion for effective shortstopping when using impeller stirred vessels. The comparative study with a single jet shows that jet mixer is ineffective when used for shortstopping. Efforts such as adding excess inhibitor and inhibition with higher reaction rates at the same power, proved to be ineffective when using jet mixer compared to the results with impellers.     

Sequential (anaerobic/aerobic) biological treatment of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry effluent

In the pulp and paper industry, lignin and other color compounds are removed by chemical agents in bleaching process. Use of chlorine-based agents results in production of degradation products which include various chloro-organic derivatives. Since these new compounds are highly chlorinated, they cause a problem in the treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewaters. Chemical precipitation, lagooning, activated sludge, and anaerobic treatment are the processes used for treating pulp and paper effluents. Furthermore, a combination of these processes is also applicable. In this study, the effluent of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry was examined for its toxic effects on anaerobic microorganisms by anaerobic toxicity assay. Additionally, this wastewater was applied to a sequential biotreatment process consisting of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket as the anaerobic stage and a once-through completely mixed stirred tank as the aerobic stage. Results indicated that: (1) Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry wastewater exerted no inhibitory effects on the anaerobic cultures under the studied conditions, and (2) application of a sequential biological (anaerobic/aerobic) system to treat the Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry wastewater resulted in approximately 91% COD and 58% AOX removals at a HRT of 5 and 6.54 h for anaerobic and aerobic, respectively.     

压力容器表面裂纹断裂参数的有限元计算与分析

借助ANSYS软件建立了适合压力容器表面裂纹断裂分析的有限元模型,能方便地计算出应力强度因子和J积分,与理论近似表达式的计算值对比,该方法具有较高的精度,能满足工程应用的要求.在验证模型合理的基础上,构造表征表面裂纹形状和尺寸的无量纲因子,通过分析其对J积分弹塑性分量的影响,指出断裂分析中除应力水平外,还应当将裂纹形状...     

Propagation Characteristics of Gas Explosion in Linked Vessels Based on DDT Criteria

To study the occurrence conditions and propagation characteristics of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in linked vessels, two typical linked vessels were investigated in this study. The DDT of the methane–air mixture under different pipe lengths and inner diameters was studied. Results showed that the CJ detonation pressure of the methane–air mixture was 1.86 MPa, and the CJ detonation velocity was 1987.4 m/s. Compared with a single pipe, the induced distance of DDT is relatively short in the linked vessels. With the increase in pipeline length, DDT is more likely to occur. Under the same pipe diameter, the DDT induction distance in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure is shorter than that in the vessel–pipe structure. With the increase in pipeline diameter, the length of the pipe required to form the DDT is reduced. For linked vessels in which detonation formed, four stages, namely, slow combustion, deflagration, deflagration to detonation, and stable detonation, occurred in the vessels. Moreover, for a pipe diameter of 60 mm and a length of 8 m, overdriven detonation occurred in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure.