各向异性反射对基于光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算的影响

光谱混合分析法是解决亚像元植被盖度反演估算问题最行之有效的方法,线性光谱混合分析又是其中最常用的研究手段。传统观点认为基于线性光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算精度主要受多重散射和端元光谱可变性的影响,而且各向异性反射这个地物表面所固有的特性也常常被忽略。研究设计了由寸苔草、沙和水3种地物类别组成的棋盘式混合地物反射率光谱测试方案,在探讨分析传统的多重散射与端元光谱可变性的基础上,进一步分析评价了各向异性反射对基于光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算的影响。结果表明,各向异性反射是不可忽视的,在最小化多重散射及端元光谱可变性的影响后,考虑各向异性反射后寸苔草盖度估算精度显著提升,均方根误差RMSE下降了52%。研究不仅证实了各向异性反射在植被盖度估算问题中的重要性,还印证了其是同种端元类型光谱差异性的另一重要来源,拓宽了端元光谱可变性的范畴,为利用光谱混合分析法更准确地进行植被盖度估算提供了新的思路和方法。     

2000-2019年中国北方地区沙尘暴时空变化及其相关影响因素

利用多年多源环境、气象和卫星遥感资料,从年代际、年际异常和气候变化的角度分析了21世纪以来中国北方地区沙尘暴的时空演化特征及其气象、植被变化的影响机理.结果表明：①2000—2013年中国北方地区沙尘暴年日数呈显著波动下降趋势,下降速率为1.1 d/10 a,2013年后呈微弱增长趋势.近40年来,春季沙尘暴日数占全年沙尘暴日数的平均占比为62%,但其逐年变化率明显下降（-7.3%/10 a）,2010年后夏季沙尘暴日数的变化率则呈现上升趋势（12.4%/10 a）,新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠地区沙尘暴的高发季节由春季逐渐向夏季扩展.②21世纪初中国北方地区沙尘暴发生频数明显下降,沙尘暴影响范围向塔克拉玛干沙漠南部地区收缩西移,戈壁沙漠在亚洲沙尘源区中的主体地位逐年下降,改变了中国北方地区沙尘暴的空间格局.③中国北方地区沙尘暴的区域性减少主要归因于平均风速与大风日数逐年下降（-0.1 m·s^-1/10 a、-4.4 d/10 a）、年降水量显著增加（32.7 mm/10 a）及区域地表变绿.塔里木盆地南缘局地风速的升高是导致该地区沙尘暴多发的重要气象影响因素,而地表植被覆盖的增加是造成戈壁沙漠沙尘暴年日数显著下降的主要原因.     

基于城市火灾风险的消防站分级覆盖选址模型——以济南市区为例

为更科学规划消防站选址,实现有限资源下应急资源的合理配置,提高消防站联动效率,根据“不同火灾风险等级的需求点应得到主管消防站和不同数量增援消防站服务”的原则,提出1种消防站分级覆盖选址模型,同时使用覆盖衰减函数表示消防站对需求点的覆盖度;基于遗传算法设计消防站分级覆盖选址模型的求解流程;以济南市区为例,基于POI和火灾数据,使用核密度分析法进行城市火灾风险分级,进而对选址模型进行验证。结果表明:以覆盖火灾风险值为评价指标,分级覆盖选址模型的选址结果优于现状消防站、广义最大覆盖模型、P-中位模型和P-中心模型。     

Promoting equity in water access: the limits of fairness of a rural water programme in semi‐arid Mozambique

Bridging the water infrastructure gap has become a major policy concern. In rural areas of Africa, access to water is as much constrained by territorial coverage as it is by the poor conditions of water points due to the difficulty in mobilizing communities for repairs. This paper examines the equity considerations of a rural water and sanitation programme in a district of Mozambique, and their impacts on the achievement of the programme's objectives. Our analysis underlines the contradictions in the conceptualization of equity in the design, planning and implementation of the programme. Even an explicitly pro‐poor strategy can fall short of delivering equity. Our findings stress the fact that overlooking local perception of equity can have a direct impact on the ability of a community to ensure the maintenance of their water points. They call for a careful definition of equity in the design of water programmes, as well as closer attention to this criterion as a precondition to achieving the long‐term objective of the programme.     

Need for a wind of change? Use of offshore wind messages by stakeholders and the media in Germany and their effects on public acceptance

This study investigates German news media coverage and PR material of offshore wind stakeholders from industry, politics, science and civil society thoroughly to provide insights about offshore wind benefits and risks communicated frequently and rarely to the public. By comparative analyses, differences between stakeholder and media messages are revealed: while stakeholders strongly focused on the supportive argument relevance of offshore wind for the energy turnaround, the media often discussed the negative impacts higher costs and delays in grid connection. Furthermore, the influence of offshore wind arguments on acceptance is measured within a survey representative of the German population. With these results, it can be assessed how far influential arguments were presented and which messages have been used frequently despite their low impact. Disruptions to viewscapes, limitation of commercial fishing areas, and hazards to shipping proved to be effective arguments to influence offshore wind acceptance – however, they were seldom used.     

基于RS和GIS的陕西省洛川县土地利用类型和植被覆盖变化特征

明确土地利用类型转变和植被覆盖度变化的范围、幅度和归因是评估生态工程环境效应的前提。然而,在黄土高原塬区县域尺度类似的研究鲜有报道。基于长时间序列NDVI数据和Landsat系列卫星数据,探究了黄土高原洛川县土地利用和植被覆盖度的变化状况。结果表明：退耕还林（草）工程实施以来,洛川县植被覆盖度从0.6（2000年）增至0.9（2020年）,耕地面积减少了481.8 km²,其中212.8 km²为坡度＜15°的适耕区转为苹果园,耕地改种苹果后植被覆盖度从0.5增至0.8。由于坡耕地还林草的面积在洛川县土地变化总面积中仅占1.5%,远小于其他地类改种苹果的面积（占20.0%）,因此,洛川县植被覆盖度的提升主要是政府大力推广苹果树种植的结果。本研究可为黄土高原经济林建设提供基础数据和科学参考。     

Finding the Tradeoffs Between the Reserve Design and Representation

Many reserve selection tools have been created to solve the minimum representation problem, selecting the least costly set of sites such that all conservation surrogate targets are met. However, there are practical problems and risks associated with this method for finding reserve network alternatives, including the treatment of persistence-promoting design considerations as secondary objectives. Here, reserve networks are generated for a hypothetical landscape where the objectives are to maximize representation and to maximize conformance with persistence-promoting design principles, subject to a constraint on the number of sites in the networks. The efficiency of potential networks is calculated as the total number of species captured in the included sites. Effectiveness is measured as a function of the size of individual patches, total reserve size, and extent of interpatch connectivity. A series of tradeoff curves are produced showing the nondominated compromise alternatives between representation and design for organisms with varying dispersal capabilities. Each alternative comprises a list of selected sites and covers species, as well as the identities and locations of the interpatch edges connecting the sites. Potential ways to use the results are discussed.     

基于神东中心区植被覆盖变化的多时相遥感监测

准确、快速地获取植被覆盖信息是矿区生态恢复和建设的关键与重点。以神东中心区为研究对象,利用2002、2005、2007、2010、2012年Landsat TM/ETM+和HJ1A-CCD1五景同期遥感数据,采用像元二分模型法,归一化植被指数(NDVI)值反演植被覆盖度,对研究区生态环境变化规律进行分析。结果表明,神东中心区平均植被覆盖度整体呈上升趋势,区内绝大部分地表覆盖程度得到改善,改善区面积达64.01%,退化区面积只有15.34%。该方法快速、定量地反映矿区植被覆盖及变化情况,为矿区生态环境动态监测和治理提供技术支持。     

卫星影像和高程数据在农村环境质量试点监测中的应用

大量长期地使用农用塑料薄膜,导致邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测结果出现超标。邻苯二甲酸酯类的污染形势不容乐观。结合桂林市农村环境质量试点监测工作,参考全国生态环境监测与评价工作的技术方法,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对试点监测村进行了农膜覆盖面积的统计。针对桂林市的丘陵地貌特征,利用高程数据对统计结果进行修正,提高了农膜覆盖面积统计的准确度。同时还对试点监测村周边区域的农膜覆盖情况进行了粗略统计和分析,确定了将来的重点调查目标区域,为将来深入调查邻苯二甲酸酯类污染状况、制定防治方案提供了一定的参考。     

基于MODIS/NDVI与EVI的皖江流域植被覆盖比较分析

利用多时相的TERRA/MODIS影像资料比较了皖江流域NDVI和EVI的时空分布特征,并分析了空间分辨率和大气校正对NDVI和EVI的影响。结果表明：MODIS/NDVI与MODIS/EVI所反映的植被覆盖状况基本一致,但5月份较8月份NDVI和EVI的空间分布差异明显,且在植被生长旺盛时期,EVI比NDVI更能反映植被覆盖状况。在相同的空间分辨率下（250 m、500 m、1 000 m）,EVI比NDVI能更好的反映植被覆盖的空间差异性,随着空间分辨率的降低,这两种指数反映植被覆盖的差异性在减小。大气校正对NDVI和EVI的影响不同,大气校正前NDVI值小于EVI值,大气校正后NDVI值普遍大于EVI值,但大气校正对NDVI的影响不大,对EVI的影响明显