钢铁企业固定式煤气报警器规范安装的详细探讨

煤气安全作为钢铁企业防范重特大事故的重要工作,规范性设置固定式煤气检测报警器,是防范事故发生的主要措施.结合国家现行安全标准和行业现状,就固定式检测报警器的安装位置、安装高度、与释放源水平距离以及报警器检测覆盖范围进行详细探讨.     

The Narrative Cycle of Climate Change in the Greek Newspapers, 2001–2008

This paper aims to establish whether the longitudinal framing of climate change (CC) in Greek newspapers exhibits the characteristics of a “narrative cycle,” with different themes becoming prominent at different periods in accordance with the media’s narrative considerations. In order to test this assumption, we formulate a number of hypotheses which we test with data originating from three Greek newspapers over the period 2001–2008. We find that the scientific and ecological/meteorological themes of CC are more often mentioned during the initial phase of media coverage, arguably due to media’s attempt to open the narrative and capture the public’s attention. Public protests and debate feature more prominently during the peaked phase of coverage, in accordance with the narrative need for a climax, while the later period of coverage, when some kind of resolution to the story should be offered, is characterized by the prominence of policy-making and economy-related issues.     

基于TM影像的弥勒县植被覆盖变化率研究

归一化植被指数（NDVI）是目前用以表征植被覆盖、生长状况的一个简单、有效的度量参数。本文以弥勒县1992年4月及2006年6月的两景不同时期的TM影像数据为基础,提取NDVI植被指数并进行优化处理,做出植被覆盖的基本分类,并将所得数字图像在Arcgis平台上进行面积统计,最后通过统计变化数据得到弥勒县的植被覆盖变化情况。     

三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化

为探讨三江源区2000—2010年草地植被的时空演变特征,定量评价三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化,采用植被覆盖度和NPP 2个生态参数,分析三江源区草地生态系统的时间变化特征和空间分布规律.结果表明:2000—2010年三江源区草地年均植被覆盖度为26.89%,年均NPP（以C计）为34.35 g/m2,11 a间二者均呈增加趋势.三江源区草地质量具有明显的季节性变化特征,呈南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局.从11 a的平均结果来看,三江源区草地植被覆盖度在8月达到最大值,约为59.19%;而草地NPP在7月达到最大值,为98.53 g/m2.气温是三江源区草地植被覆盖度变化的主要影响因子,而雨热不同期则造成三江源区草地NPP的年际波动变化.植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果.研究显示,2000—2010年三江源区草地生态系统质量有所改善,特别是生态工程实施后,草地生态系统质量明显好转.三江源区需在促进农牧业产业升级和资源优化配置的基础上,继续采取积极的减压增效措施,真正实现草畜平衡,达到生态保护的目的.      

车尔臣河流域土地利用变化及生态环境效应分析

借助ArcGIS与ERDAS软件,以1990年、2000年、2010年遥感影像Landsat TM/ETM为数据源,提取3期车尔臣河流域土地利用/覆盖利用图.在土地利用类型与区域生态风险之间的经验联系基础上,推求出土地利用类型生态风险指数,进而获得研究区域生态安全指数,建立了车尔臣河土地利用类型与生态环境之间的数量关系.同时,在空间尺度上将研究区分为若干特定研究单元,并对整体及局部地区进行生态环境质量动态分析.结果表明:1990—2010年间,车尔臣河流域总体生态环境指数呈逐步升高趋势,但生态环境质量的改善与恶化两种趋势并存,并在特定研究单元上出现明显的区域分异特征;盐碱地向耕地、林地及低覆盖度草地的转化,低覆盖度草地向林地的转化和未利用地向耕地的转化是环境改善的主导因素,林地与中覆盖度草地向盐碱地和未利用地的转化是环境恶化的主导因素.     

Variance and Uncertainty in the Expected Number of Occurrences in Reserve Selection

Abstract:  Reserve selection often concerns the design of reserve networks for the long-term maintenance of biodiversity. We considered uncertainty in the context of three common reserve-selection formulations, the expected number of populations, proportional coverage of land-cover types, and the probability of having at least one population. By uncertainty, we mean variance in the outcome of any probability-based reserve selection formulation. A typical reserve-selection formulation might ask for the least expensive set of sites that contains n populations per species. It is implicit here that this requirement concerns the expected number of populations, which actually is obtained only with a 50% chance. If the requirement is changed to select the least expensive set of sites that gives n populations per species with a 95% probability, the number of sites required in the solution increases and the identity of the sites is changed toward sites that have high probabilities of persistence (or occurrence) and low associated binomial variance. Anthropogenic threat is one factor that may cause probabilistic uncertainty in the context of proportional area coverage.     

避灾硐室气刀型空气幕数值模拟研究

结合避灾硐室阻隔有害气体的需要,对气刀型空气幕进行模拟研究,从气刀的工作原理、风速分布、阻隔效果的角度出发,分别建立物理模型及划分网格,得到了气刀工作时其周围压力的分布变化规律,不同送风方式下气刀风速分布规律以及单侧送风条件下CO,浓度分布规律,证明了气刀具备增大了气流的输出,阻隔有害气体的作用。由风速统计规律得出,气刀在单侧送风15m／s或者双侧送风10m／s条件下,气刀的有效覆盖率大于85％,又根据数值模拟得出,在有效覆盖率大于85％的条件下,CO2阻隔效果明显,有害气体无法通过气刀形成的空气幕。     

Socio-cultural inequities in access to prenatal diagnosis: The role of insurance coverage and regulatory policies

The article presents the results of a 4-month-period survey by questionnaire among all women attending the Marseille Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis for amniocentesis. Socio-cultural status of women getting access to amniocentesis is significantly higher than in the general population of pregnant women in the same geographic area of south-eastern France. Sociocultural status is also higher among women who have to cover costs of procedure to get access to amniocentesis than among those who benefit from it free-of-charge according to French Social Security regulations. In contrast, risk perception and attitudes toward termination of pregnancy are similar in these two groups. A total of 24·4 per cent of respondents declared that they got access to amniocentesis ‘on their own initiative’, the remaining 75·6 per cent declaring that they ‘were following medical advice’. Multidimensional analysis shows that the women who do not benefit from free-of-charge amniocentesis, and who have a high level of education and no antecedents of fetal and perinatal deaths, are more likely to perceive themselves as ‘self-referring’. The study indicates that institutional coverage may be effective in reducing socio-cultural inequities in access to prenatal diagnosis. But such a policy may conflict with the respect of women' s individual autonomy in the amniocentesis decision.     

2000～2017年贵州省植被覆盖时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用MODIS/NDVI数据、近18年来贵州省气象站点数据，辅以时间序列、变化趋势和空间动态变化分析等方法，研究贵州省植被覆盖的时空变化特征；探讨植被覆盖变化对气象因子在地域、变化速率和变化方向方面的时空响应规律。研究结果显示：（1）2000~2017年贵州省植被覆盖呈现显著增加的趋势，增速为0.004/a，夏季NDVI值最高，冬季增加趋势最大；空间上，贵州省植被覆盖格局呈现"南高北低、东高西低"的空间分布特征。在变化趋势上，贵州省植被覆盖呈改善和退化趋势的面积分别占贵州省总面积的94.97%和5.03%。（2）2000~2017年，贵州省气候变化特征是降雨量在年内分布不均，且主要分布在5月至8月；温度在各个季节变化趋势不明显，但是总体呈上升的趋势。气温和降水变化趋势大于零的面积分别占贵州省总面积的98.4%和60.46%，说明在全球暖湿化的大背景下，贵州省大部分地区亦呈温度升高、降水增加的态势。（3）贵州省NDVI与气温的相关性大于降水，但其对降水的滞后性却高于气温。其中，秋季植被受降水影响滞后性最强，其次是夏季。（4）不同气候要素对贵州省植被生长影响具有空间差异性，98.4%的地区NDVI与同期温度均达到正相关水平；NDVI与同期降水并未表现出良好的相关性，但82.63%的地区植被与前一年降水呈正相关水平。植被与降水呈负相关的地区，建设用地、裸地占更大比率，且人类活动在植被变化中的作用不容忽视。     

红壤丘陵区LAI与土壤侵蚀分布特征的关系

叶面积指数(LAI)是常用的一个用于描述植被覆盖的方面指数,土壤侵蚀的分布又与植被的覆盖状况息息相关,这就意味着LAI与土壤侵蚀有一定的相关性,目前有关这二者的相关性研究还鲜有文献报道。基于这此,本研究首先利用2000年的遥感影像(TM)解释出该年度的土壤侵蚀强度图,再利用该遥感影像通过图像的代数运算得出该地区的NDVI栅格图,通过实测该县不同典型植被条件的LAI值,得出实测的LAI与图像NDVI值之间的函数关系式,由图像的代数运算把NDVI图转换成LAI图,即实现了遥感图像的实测LAI纠正。在GIS软件的帮助下,通过将LAI栅格图与土壤侵蚀强度图的空间叠加分析,得到不同LAI条件下的土壤侵蚀分布。结果表明,LAI与土壤侵蚀的分布表现为:大致以LAI=2为分界线,当LAI<2时,土壤侵蚀并未随LAI的增加而迅速减少,LAI>2时,土壤侵蚀的分布随植被指数的增加而减少,当LAI=2左右时,土壤侵蚀的面积最大。这种情况对于轻度、中度及强度土壤侵蚀的影响是类似的,都呈类正态分布的曲线形式,但在曲线的两侧土壤侵蚀类型是有本质区别的,在曲线的左侧土壤侵蚀类型的分布是中度和强度为主,而在曲线右侧则以轻度为主。表明LAI这个指标与土壤侵蚀有很好的相关性,可以用于土壤侵蚀方面的相关研究工作。