多种微塑料提取方法在中国典型土壤中的应用

为探究我国典型区域土壤中微塑料的提取及成分鉴定方法,通过人工模拟微塑料的方法,评估了水+油（T1）、饱和NaCl溶液+油（T2）、饱和NaCl溶液（T3）这3种处理方法对4种典型区域土壤（黑土、黄土、红土和紫土）中4种类型微塑料[聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（polyethylene terephthalate,PET）、聚丙烯（polypropylene,PP）、聚苯乙烯（polystyrene,PS）和聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）]的检测效果.结果表明：①T3处理下土壤中微塑料提取率随微塑料密度的增大而降低,对PP、PE、PS的提取率均大于86.67%,而PET的提取率仅为0%~13.30%;②T1和T2处理下,黑土、黄土和紫土中4种微塑料的提取率均为86.67%~100.00%,但微塑料表层残留的油会影响傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对微塑料成分性质的鉴定,配合无水乙醇清洗后,PE和PS鉴定效果仍不佳;③T1和T2处理下红土中PET的提取率分别为56.60%和50.00%,T3处理下红土中PET、PE和PP的提取率分别为3.33%、10.00%和56.67%.结果表明,黄土、黑土和紫土中4种微塑料采用T1和T2提取效果均较好,但需配合无水乙醇进行清洗,T3处理会导致对密度>1 g·cm^-3微塑料PET的漏测;红土中微塑料的提取方法有待进一步探索研发.     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.     

犁翻与旋耕施用脱硫石膏对改良碱化土壤的效果研究

利用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏改良盐碱地对于确保国家粮食安全和生态安全,发展循环经济具有重要意义,已经引起国内外的广泛关注。选择具有典型代表性的宁夏西大滩碱化土壤,采用田间试验进行犁翻与旋耕施用脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤的效果研究。研究表明犁翻与旋耕施用脱硫石膏,对降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,提高油葵（Helianthus annuus）出苗率和产量的效果有所不同。采用旋耕较犁翻对降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,提高油葵出苗率和产量的效果较好。旋耕施用脱硫石膏较犁翻油葵出苗率提高9.4%,产量提高8.2%;犁翻后再旋耕施用脱硫石膏较犁翻与旋耕,效果更好。犁翻后再旋耕较旋耕和犁翻油葵出苗率分别提高13.6%和3.8%,产量分别提高16.2%和7.4%。旋耕施用脱硫石膏较犁翻施用有利于提高产投比,其产投比提高0.13;犁翻后再旋耕较旋耕和犁翻更有利于提高产投比,其产投比分别提高0.14和0.01。     

基于COPERT模型的江苏省机动车时空排放特征与分担率

利用COPERT模型和Arc GIS技术建立了江苏省2015年1 km×1 km、小时分辨率的机动车网格化排放清单.采用改进的"标准道路长度"方法,利用路网信息以及拥堵延时指数的月变化、周变化和日变化数据提高清单的时空分辨率.基于COPERT模拟结果分析了分车型、排放标准以及道路类型的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明,江苏省2015年NOx、HC、CO、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、OM和BC的排放量分别为49.09、16.63、161.48、1.69、0.19、0.36和0.67万t,其中苏州和徐州排放量占比之和达34%~45%;HC蒸发排放量为2.02万t,占HC排放总量的12%;小型客车和摩托车对于HC和CO排放量的分担率最大,均超过30%;重型柴油货车对NOx、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、OM、BC的分担率在36%~54%之间,远高于其他车型;苏州和徐州的重型和中型柴油货车是NOx、PM_(2.5)的最主要排放源;国Ⅲ标准柴油车对NOx、PM_(2.5)、SO_2和BC的分担率均最大,在42%~55%之间;国Ⅲ标准重型柴油货车和国0标准中型柴油货车是全省NOx、PM_(2.5)、OM和BC的首要和次要贡献车型,两者分担率之和在40%~56%之间.国0标准摩托车对全省HC和CO排放的分担率较高,约为16%.     

Food loss rates at the food retail,influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures

This paper quantifies food loss rates for fruit & vegetables, dairy products and bread & pastry as well as donations to social services. In addition potential influencing factors and reasons for food losses are investigated in order to provide a basis for the development of waste prevention measures. Detailed data from 612 retail outlets all over Austria, which covered the period of one year, were analysed and sorting analyses of discarded food were carried out in a small sample of retail outlets. Food loss amounts to 1.3% of the sales of dairy products, 2.8% for bread & pastry and 4.2% for fruit & vegetables. Returned bread amounts to additional 9.7% of the sales of bread & pastry. The food loss rates are similar to the results of previous publications. At present, 7% of the food loss is donated to social services, 38% of retail outlets do not donate any articles at all. Food loss rates are declining with increasing sales areas, increasing numbers of purchases per year and increasing sales of the retail outlet, but explain only 33% or less of the variation of food loss rates. Large differences between retail outlets of comparable structure indicate potential for reduction. More than a quarter of discarded food articles did not show any flaws besides the expiration of the best before or sell-by date. Waste prevention approaches should focus on avoiding returns, transfer of best practices, information and education of employees and customers as well as strengthening the donation to social services.     

Maternal state affects intestinal changes of rat pups at weaning

Two treatments of hooded rat (Rattus norvegicus) mothers after the birth of their pups affected the stage of development at which their pups started to take solid food and showed an increase in the expression of sucrase, an enzyme needed for digesting solid food. The pups of mothers that became pregnant in a post-partum oestrus showed the changes significantly earlier than those in the control group (Fig. 1A, B). The pups of mothers that had been mildly food-restricted after birth showed the changes significantly later than those in the control group. In brief, the pups of the pregnant mothers weaned first, the control pups next and those of food-restricted mothers weaned last. Differences in the timing of weaning between the three groups occurred in the absence of differences in pup body weight at the time of weaning. Within each experimental group, on the day in which sucrase expression showed the first detectable increase, sucrase activity was strongly predicted by the weight of the pups shortly after birth (Fig. 3). Pregnant mothers put on weight rapidly before implantation and their pups prepared for early weaning even though they did not differ in body weight from control pups (Fig. 4A, B). Food-restricted mothers were significantly lighter than control mothers and, with lighter pups before weaning started, settled for a longer period of suckling.     

Transient analysis of volatile organic compound concentrations for estimating emission rates

While emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been obtained for building materials, furnishings and processes in chambers, field measurements are more difficult. Procedures to estimate emission rates using transient analysis of VOC concentrations are described and applied in a two-story classroom/office building. The analysis employs semi-real-time VOC concentrations determined with a portable GC/FID and simultaneous air change rate measurements using tracer gas decay. The results of the analysis yield consistent values of emission rates for building materials ranging from 0.20 to 0.40 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ when normalized by floor area. Occupancy-related emissions were more difficult to estimate and covered a wider range from roughly 0.1 to 1.5 mg m⁻² h⁻¹. The test data were also analyzed in an attempt to determine sink parameters, but these efforts were not particularly successful. Furthermore, in these tests, the inclusion of sink effects did not significantly impact the estimated emission rates. While this paper offers a transient analysis approach that may lead to improved field estimates of VOC emission rates, it is not presented as a definitive methodology. Nevertheless, transient analysis has potential for use in other buildings, but simultaneous air change rate measurements are critical in its application in estimating VOC emission rates in the field.     

Occurrence and attenuation of specific organic compounds in the groundwater plume at a former gasworks site

The changing contaminant pattern with travelled distance was investigated in the anaerobic groundwater plume downstream from an extended zone containing residual NAPL at a former gas manufacturing plant. With increasing distance, O- and N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds are enriched in the plume relative to the usually assessed coal tar constituents (poly- and monocyclic aromatic compounds). In a first approximation, the overall concentration decrease of the investigated compounds follows a first order overall decay. The half life distance in the plume downgradient from the source varied between 20 m for benzene and up to 167-303 m for alkyl-naphthalenes. Acenaphthene is degraded only within about 50 m downstream from the source area, then its concentration remains constant (ca. 180 microg/l) and far above the legal limit. Dimethyl-benzofurans were the most recalcitrant among all compounds which could be quantified with the analytical method available. The overall groundwater contamination in the plume is seriously underestimated if only BTEX and 16-EPA-PAHs are monitored.     

Modern Insect Extinctions, the Neglected Majority

Abstract:  Most extinctions estimated to have occurred in the historical past, or predicted to occur in the future, are of insects. Despite this, the study of insect extinctions has been neglected. Only 70 modern insect extinctions have been documented, although thousands are estimated to have occurred. By focusing on some of the 70 documented extinctions as case studies, I considered ways in which insect extinctions may differ from those of other taxa. These case studies suggested that two types of extinction might be common for insects but rare for other taxa: extinction of narrow habitat specialists and coextinctions of affiliates with the extinctions of their hosts. Importantly, both of these forms of extinction are often ignored by conservation programs focused on vertebrates and plants. Anecdotal evidence and recent simulations suggest that many insect extinctions may have already occurred because of loss of narrow habitat specialists from restricted habitats and the loss of hosts. If we are serious about insect conservation, we need to spend more time and money documenting such extinctions. To neglect such extinctions is to ignore the majority of species that are or were in need of conservation.     

A general model for tagging on multiple component fisheries: an integration of age-dependent reporting rates and mortality estimation

A major objective of analyzing multiple year tag return data in fisheries is to estimate fishing and natural mortality rates which may vary by age class and calendar year. To do this one needs to be able to estimate the reporting rates for the tags recovered. Some fisheries such as that for Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) have multiple components with potentially different reporting rates for the tag returns. In this paper we develop a general model for multi-cohort, multi-year tag return analyses where there are multiple components to the fishery with potentially different reporting rates. We require the assumption that one component has a reporting rate of 100% (i.e., this could be the component of a boat based fishery where scientific observers are present). We show further how it is possible to partition the overall likelihood developed into two conditionally independent components. The first component of the likelihood is the standard multinomial likelihood that allows estimation of fishing and natural mortality rates. It uses the tag return matrix summed over all the components of the fishery. It requires an average reporting rate for the tag returns (where the average reporting rate is a weighted average of the individual reporting rates of the different components). The second component is also multinomial for the individual component tag returns and allows us to estimate individual component reporting rates. However, this requires that we augment our second component tag return likelihood with a catch data likelihood for the corresponding components. The methodology is illustrated on some Southern Bluefin Tuna tagging and catch data. We also discuss important model assumptions and give suggestions for future research including the integration of tag-return and catch at age data analyses.