二噁英催化降解技术在废物焚烧领域的应用

焚烧是常用的废物处置方法,中国每年需要处量理的废物随社会发展和经济增长不断增加,由此产生的二噁英排放问题已引起社会广泛的关注。选择性催化氧化(SCO)技术可降解烟气中二噁英,在国外已有广泛工业应用,是最佳可行技术的重要组成部分,是我国斯德哥尔摩公约履约过程中的关键技术。为落实我国斯德哥尔摩公约履约责任,减少废物焚烧过程中二噁英类污染物的排放,促进行业全面推广应用以选择性催化氧化为代表的最佳可行技术,文章主要从SCO技术的发展、原理和影响因素出发选择合适的催化剂,结合国内工程案例验证分析了SCO技术对二噁英的去除效果,讨论了SCO技术应用的现状和前景,进一步说明在国内的废物焚烧领域推广和普及SCO技术的紧迫性和可行性。     

工业固体废物的焚烧处理——实例研究

以天津经济技术开发区工业固体废物的处理为例,分析讨论了焚烧技术在处理工业固体废物中的应用。研究结果表明,选择回转窑焚烧炉对开发区的工业固体废物进行焚烧处理是合理的,可较好地实现工业废物的减量化、无害化的目标以及废物处理资源化的目标。      

内核烧结法-生活垃圾焚烧炉技术

通过对“内核烧结法”工艺在不同焚烧状态下的应用研究，开发出了不同类型的垃圾焚烧炉，不断完善生活垃圾焚烧技术。     

焚烧法处理高浓度有机废水

采用焚烧法，利用原有２０吨锅炉，处理２４．１ｔ／ｄ高浓度有机废水。经２年多的运行试验，结果表明，在保证锅炉安全运行条件下，把废水冷直接喷射入锅炉焚烧，能解决废水的处理；该方法投资省，焚烧情况良好灰渣及飞灰含碳量均有所降低，对锅炉出力、效率无显著影响。     

处置多氯联苯的规划与设计

本文就从事国家“八五”课题中《多氯联苯（ＰＣＢ）工业性焚烧技术研究》专题的实践过程所涉及到的“专用场地的建设”、“焚烧工艺”及“前景展望”进行了论述．     

Current status and perspectives of accelerated carbonation processes on municipal waste combustion residues

The increasing volumes of municipal solid waste produced worldwide are encouraging the development of processes to reduce the environmental impact of this waste stream. Combustion technology can facilitate volume reduction of up to 90%, with the inorganic contaminants being captured in furnace bottom ash, and fly ash/APC residues. The disposal or reuse of these residues is however governed by the potential release of constituent contaminants into the environment. Accelerated carbonation has been shown to have a potential for improving the chemical stability and leaching behaviour of both bottom ash and fly ash/APC residues. However, the efficacy of carbonation depends on whether the method of gas application is direct or indirect. Also important are the mineralogy, chemistry and physical properties of the fresh ash, the carbonation reaction conditions such as temperature, contact time, CO₂ partial pressure and relative humidity. This paper reviews the main issues pertaining to the application of accelerated carbonation to municipal waste combustion residues to elucidate the potential benefits on the stabilization of such residues and for reducing CO₂ emissions. In particular, the modification of ash properties that occur upon carbonation and the CO₂ sequestration potential possible under different conditions are discussed. Although accelerated carbonation is a developing technology, it could be introduced in new incinerator facilities as a “finishing step” for both ash treatment and reduction of CO₂ emissions.     

Review and prospect of emerging contaminants in waste – Key issues and challenges linked to their presence in waste treatment schemes: General aspects and focus on nanoparticles

The presence in waste of emerging pollutants (EPs), whose behaviours and effects are not well understood, may present unexpected health and environmental risks and risks for the treatment processes themselves. EP may include substances that are newly detected in the environment, substances already identified as risky and whose use in items is prohibited (but which may be present in old or imported product waste) or substances already known but whose recent use in products can cause problems during their future treatment as waste. Several scientific studies have been conducted to assess the presence of EP in waste, but they are mostly dedicated to a single category of substance or one particular waste treatment. In the absence of a comprehensive review focused on the impact of the presence of EP on waste treatment schemes, the authors present a review of the key issues associated with the treatment of waste containing emerging pollutants. This review presents the typologies of emerging pollutants that are potentially present in waste along with the major challenges for each treatment scheme (recycling, composting, digestion, incineration, landfilling and wastewater treatment). All conventional treatment processes are affected by these new pollutants, and they were almost never originally designed to consider these substances. In addition to these general aspects, a comprehensive review of available data, projects and future R&D needs related to the impact of nanoparticles on waste treatment is presented as a case study.     

Quantifying capital goods for waste incineration

Materials and energy used for the construction of modern waste incineration plants were quantified. The data was collected from five incineration plants (72,000–240,000 tonnes per year) built in Scandinavia (Norway, Finland and Denmark) between 2006 and 2012. Concrete for the buildings was the main material used amounting to 19,000–26,000 tonnes per plant. The quantification further included six main materials, electronic systems, cables and all transportation. The energy used for the actual on-site construction of the incinerators was in the range 4000–5000 MW h. In terms of the environmental burden of producing the materials used in the construction, steel for the building and the machinery contributed the most. The material and energy used for the construction corresponded to the emission of 7–14 kg CO₂ per tonne of waste combusted throughout the lifetime of the incineration plant. The assessment showed that, compared to data reported in the literature on direct emissions from the operation of incinerators, the environmental impacts caused by the construction of buildings and machinery (capital goods) could amount to 2–3% with respect to kg CO₂ per tonne of waste combusted.     

Hazardous waste incinerators under waste uncertainty: Balancing and throughput maximization via heat recuperation

Hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs) differ substantially from thermal power facilities, since instead of maximizing energy production with the minimum amount of fuel, they aim at maximizing throughput. Variations in quantity or composition of received waste loads may significantly diminish HWI throughput (the decisive profit factor), from its nominal design value. A novel formulation of combustion balance is presented, based on linear operators, which isolates the wastefeed vector from the invariant combustion stoichiometry kernel. Explicit expressions for the throughput are obtained, in terms of incinerator temperature, fluegas heat recuperation ratio and design parameters, for an arbitrary number of wastes, based on fundamental principles (mass and enthalpy balances). The impact of waste variations, of recuperation ratio and of furnace temperature is explicitly determined. It is shown that in the presence of waste uncertainty, the throughput may be a decreasing or increasing function of incinerator temperature and recuperation ratio, depending on the sign of a dimensionless parameter related only to the uncertain wastes. The dimensionless parameter is proposed as a sharp a’ priori waste ‘fingerprint’, determining the necessary increase or decrease of manipulated variables (recuperation ratio, excess air, auxiliary fuel feed rate, auxiliary air flow) in order to balance the HWI and maximize throughput under uncertainty in received wastes. A 10-step procedure is proposed for direct application subject to process capacity constraints. The results may be useful for efficient HWI operation and for preparing hazardous waste blends.     

Life-cycle assessment of two sewage sludge-to-energy systems based on different sewage sludge characteristics: Energy balance and greenhouse gas-emission footprint analysis

Anaerobic digestion and incineration are widely used sewage sludge(SS) treatment and disposal approaches to recovering energy from SS, but it is difficult to select a suitable technical process from the various technologies. In this study, life-cycle assessments were adopted to compare the energy-and greenhouse gas-(GHG) emission footprints of two sludge-to-energy systems. One system uses a combination of AD with incineration(the AI system),whereas the other was simplified by direct incineration...