云龙湖底栖动物的变化研究

监测分析云龙湖底栖动物种类变化、密度变化,底质组成与变化及生物多样性指数的变化来研究云龙湖水质的变化趋势。研究表明:近5年,云龙湖东湖水质有所改善,西湖富营养化有加重趋势。     

祊河沉积物重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd)的污染评价

为了解祊河河流沉积物重金属情况,以祊河橡胶坝至沂蒙路大桥段为主研究对象,对河段内8个断面沉积物的3个指标(Cu、Zn、Cd)进行监测调查,参照国内有关标准,建立了适合该区域的沉积物污染评价标准,主要运用潜在生态危害指数法和内梅罗法标准指数法对检测结果进行生态风险和污染程度评价。结果表明:祊河橡胶坝至沂蒙路大桥段沉积物重金属生态危害指数高达3418.5,内梅罗污染指数为6.95,为重度污染,说明祊河沉积物重金属污染非常严重。     

Application of a cave inventory system to stimulate development of management strategies: the case of west-central Florida, USA

The active management of air-filled cave systems is virtually non-existent within the karst landscape of west-central Florida. As in every karst landscape, caves are important because they contain a wide variety of resources (e.g., biota, speleothems) and can act as direct connections between surface and subsurface hydrological processes, potentially exacerbating the pollution of groundwater. Before sound management policies can be drafted, implemented, and enforced, stakeholders must first have knowledge of the management requirements of each cave. However, there is an informational disconnect between researchers, stakeholders, and the recreational caving community. Here, we present a cave inventory system that simplifies the dissemination of resource knowledge to stakeholders so that cave management and protection policies can be drafted and implemented at the state and local level. We inventoried 36 caves in west-central Florida, located on both public and private land, and analyzed cave resource data to provide insights on cave sensitivity and disturbance using two standardized indices. The data revealed that both public and private caves exhibit a wide range of sensitivity and disturbance, and before management strategies can be drafted, the ownership of each cave must be considered. Our inventory geodatabase serves as a link between researchers, landowners, and the public. To ensure the conservation and protection of caves, support from county or state government, combined with cave inventory data, is crucial in developing sound management policy.     

Assessment of a model of pollution disaster in near-shore coastal waters based on catastrophe theory

In this study, a model for assessing of environmental disasters in near-shore areas was developed using a multi-criteria evaluation method of catastrophe theory. The assessment model involved scenarios of eutrophication, pollution with heavy metals and organic compounds. An evaluation system of the model was composed of seven mesosphere indicators and twenty underlying indicators including water chemistry, water physics, water biology, heavy metals and organic pollutants in water and surface sediments. The model was applied to possibility assessment of environmental disasters in different functional regions of the Dalian Bay in 2001 and 2006. Results showed that the environmental disaster indicators in 2001 were equivalent to the Level 4 standard values of marine functional areas, but the eutrophication disaster indicators were lower than the Level 4 standard values. It is consistent with the occurrence of a large-scale red tide in Dalian Bay in 2001. In 2006, eutrophication remained the dominant problem of the region but organic pollutants, such as oil, were reduced remarkably. This coincided with ongoing local environmental-friendly practices for industries.     

COST EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS AND INSTREAM HALF‐LOGS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of cost effectiveness (CE) analysis of vegetative filter strips (VFS) and instream half‐logs as tools for recovering scores on a fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) in the upper Wabash River watershed (UW) in Indiana. Three assumptions were made about recovery time for IBI scores (5,15, and 30 years) and social discount rates (1, 3, and 5 percent), which were tested for sensitivity of the estimated CE ratios. Effectiveness of VFS was estimated using fish IBIs and riparian forest cover from 49 first‐order to fifth‐order stream reaches. Half‐log structures had been installed for approximately two years in the UW prior to the study and provided a basis for estimates of cost and maintenance. Cost effectiveness ratios for VFS decreased from $387 to $277 per 100 m for a 1 percent increase in IBI scores from first‐to fifth‐order streams with 3 percent discount and 30‐year recovery. This cost weighted by proportion of stream orders was $360. The ratio decreased with decreasing time of recovery and discount rate. Based on installation costs and an assumption of equal recovery rates, half‐logs were two‐thirds to one‐half as cost‐effective as VFS. Half‐logs would be a cost‐effective supplement to VFS in low order streams if they can be proven to recover IBI scores faster than VFS do. This study provides baseline data and a framework for planning and determining the cost of stream restoration.     

End-of-pipe or process-integrated： evidence from LMDI decomposition of China＇s SO2 emission density reduction

In this study, reduction in sulfur dioxide （SO2） emission is decomposed into three parts： source preven- tion, process control and end-of-pipe treatment, using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method （LMDI）. Source prevention and process control are defined as process- integrated treatment. It is found that from 2001 to 2010 the reduction of SO2 emission density in China was mainly contributed by end-of-pipe treatment. From the 10th Five Year Plan （FYP） period （2001-2005） to the llth FYP period （2006-2010）, the Chinese government has attempted to enhance process-integrated treatment. How- ever, given its initial effort, the effect is limited compared with that of the end-of-pipe treatment. The effectiveness of environmental regulation and technology in the reduction of SO2 density in 30 provinces （municipality/autonomous regions） from 2001 to 2010 is also investigated. This implies that environmental regulation and technology promote process control and end-of-pipe treatment sig- nificantly, but does not influence source prevention. Furthermore, environmental technology will only take effect under the circumstances of stringent environmental regulation. Therefore, to fulfill the whole process treat- ment, environmental regulation should be strengthened and environmental technology upgraded at the same time.     

中国工业烟尘排放状况研究

烟尘是工业最主要的污染气体排放之一,它不仅威胁人体健康,还严重破坏区域环境。为了研究分析2001—2009年中国工业烟尘排放的发展趋势及其影响因素,并有针对性地提出工业烟尘减排的建议与对策,文章首先根据中国工业的经济与环境数据,描述分析了2001—2009年工业烟尘排放的发展趋势,再利用对数平均迪氏指数法（LMDI）将工业烟尘排放的影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应和治理效应4个子因素。通过对比分析各子因素的影响程度和发展变化情况,得出规模效应是工业烟尘排放的重要来源,技术效应和治理效应是工业烟尘减排的主要动力,而结构效应是未来烟尘减排的重要方向等结论。文章根据各工业子行业的烟尘产生与排放量,建议将化工及金属行业,水热电气供应业作为目前工业烟尘减排中的重点行业,这两个行业的烟尘产生量与排放量之和均达到工业烟尘产生量与排放量的80%以上。通过对比各影响因素对各工业子行业的影响程度,指出各子行业烟尘减排的主要方向与存在的障碍。     

含盐废水电渗析膜分离处理工艺研究

在水资源日益紧张、含盐废水排放量日益增多的大趋势下,寻求经济有效的含盐废水处理技术已成为重要的研究课题。以厦门某食品企业水产品加工腌泡环节含盐废水为研究对象。含盐废水经氨水沉淀、离子交换树脂软化处理,废水中钙镁离子被有效脱除,出水钙镁质量浓度已经降为10．4mg·L-1,达到软水水质标准。软化后的废水经4‰聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）絮凝并通过活性炭吸附,污染密度指数值（SDI）降低至0．41,完全达到膜分离装置进水水质的要求。预处理液再经电渗析膜进一步浓缩分离后,氯化钠质量浓度可由7351mg·L-1提升到78156mg·L-1,对盐分浓缩了10倍以上,达到废水和盐分的处理回收利用。本处理工艺流程简洁,药耗少、能耗低,比较适合小规模含盐废水的综合处理。     

甘肃河东玉米种植区春夏气象干旱时空变化特征及其与环流因子关系

甘肃河东玉米种植区属于旱作雨养农业区,农作物生长主要依靠自然降水来维持,春夏干旱是影响该区玉米生长发育的关键因素。利用河东地区13个气象站点1957-2012年气象资料,基于标准化降水蒸散指数从干旱趋势、周期、空间特征及其与环流因子关系方面探讨近56 a来河东玉米种植区春夏干旱演变特征。结果表明：近56 a河东玉米种植区春夏两季均呈干旱化趋势,并自20世纪90年代中期以后,干旱呈加重趋势。干旱变化共经历了3个气候阶段,20世纪80年代之前,春夏旱情较轻;80年代-90年代,夏旱较春旱严重;2000年以后,春旱较夏旱严重。干旱周期变化,春夏干旱周期分别为20 a和14 a,干旱周期性变化主要是受太阳黑子活动影响。春夏干旱发生频率在突变前后差异显著,低频区在突变后转为高频区,易旱区呈扩大状态。ENSO事件是影响该区春夏干旱发生的主要环流因子,尤其对夏旱影响最为显著。近20 a来ENSO事件增强是该区干旱事件不断加重的原因,ENSO暖事件爆发时,该区春夏趋于干旱,由湿向干转变;ENSO冷事件爆发,干旱则有所缓解,由干向湿转变。     

Comparison of inherent safety indices in process concept evaluation

In conceptual design, process routes can be compared and ranked by using inherent safety indices. In this paper, some inherent safety index methods presented in literature are compared and their properties and limitations discussed. As a case study, an inherent safety evaluation of methyl methacrylate process routes is presented. Three index based inherent safety evaluation methods are compared with expert evaluations on methyl methacrylate process routes and their subprocesses. Also the index based inherent safety ranking of process routes is compared with an expert ranking.