Measuring populations' vulnerabilities for famine and food security interventions: the case of Ethiopia's Chronic Vulnerability Index

The concept of vulnerability has become an important part of food security analyses since the 1980s. It is seen as having two sides: exposure to external hazards; and an inability to cope with those shocks, attributed to social, political, and economic factors. Numerous attempts have been made to construct models to determine levels of vulnerability among populations. This paper analyses one such attempt, the Chronic Vulnerability Index (CVI), developed to measure levels of vulnerability to food insecurity in Ethiopia. The example of the CVI reveals many of the difficulties associated with producing a basic model of vulnerability that can be used in disaster mitigation. Ultimately, the CVI assumes that vulnerability is a linear, additive phenomenon with discrete causes and effects and fails to capture interactions between hazards and the human systems that produce and complicate them. The paper concludes with a discussion of alternatives to the CVI.     

室内空气质量指数评价模式的研究

提出室内空气质量的三级评价标准和五个评价等级,建议依据评价目的,选择相应污染物质作为评价因子。分析常用指数评价模式的特点,建立适用于室内空气质量评价的综合指数模式,该模式是一种客观有效的评价方法。     

湖北省各主要地市水资源压力指数评价

以湖北省为研究区域,在前人研究基础上,从人口数量压力、水资源数量压力、水环境压力、水资源技术压力、水资源经济压力和水资源紧缺压力6个角度对2009年湖北省各主要地市的水资源压力指数进行了计算和分析。结果表明:湖北省内,武汉市水资源压力最大,鄂州次之,宜昌和黄石市等水资源压力相对较大,黄冈、荆州和十堰市等水资源压力相对较小;武汉市的人口数量压力和水资源紧缺压力大,鄂州市的水资源数量压力大,宜昌和十堰的水环境压力大,随州和黄冈市的水资源技术压力大,孝感市水资源经济压力较大。     

太湖沉积物重金属污染生态风险的综合评价

为研究太湖沉积物重金属污染的生态风险。在2012年2月采集太湖7个采样点的表层沉积物,分析测定重金属总量以及可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的金属含量,采用风险评价准则、潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行生态风险评价。结果表明:太湖沉积物中重金属除竺山湾处于偏中度污染水平,其他各点均处于轻度污染状态。全湖Ni、Zn和Cu的可利用态比例较高。太湖沉积物重金属污染为低生态风险,竺山湾生态风险高于其他地区。Ni和Pb的生态风险高于其他金属。需对太湖竺山湾污染物排放进行控制,对全湖沉积物中Ni污染进行优先控制与去除。     

选择双波长光度法测定水体中高锰酸盐指数

在酸性高锰酸钾法测定高锰酸盐指数和Ｍｎ＋７＋Ｉ＋Ｈ＋反应液吸收光谱研究的基础上，研究选择双波长光度法测定ＣＯＤＭｎ的新方法。实验结果表明，该法计算曲线稳定，变异系数为２．１～４．７％，加标回收率为９７．０％～１０４．５％。本法应用于水体中ＣＯＤＭｎ测定，结果满意。     

永定河底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数是河流健康评价与河流修复的重要步骤.根据2017年4月永定河流域23个采样点的大型底栖动物生物监测数据,基于监测点水质状况与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分,选择潮白河水系大型底栖动物类群相似且人为干扰较小的5个监测点作为参照区域,构建永定河B-IBI（大型底栖动物生物完整性指数）.通过对大型底栖动物33个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Spearman相关性检验,最终确定永定河B-IBI由总分类单元数、蜉蝣目（E）-襀翅目（P）-毛翅目（T）个体相对丰度、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、摇蚊科个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、科级耐污指数（family biotic index,FBI值）等6个核心参数构成.采用生物完整性研究中常用的比值法和三分法构建的B-IBI评价得分体系.结果表明,两种方法计算出的B-IBI均具有较高的判别能力,均能较好地判别参照水体和受损水体的健康状况,二者具有较高的相关性和一致性（R>0.90）.永定河河流健康评价结果表明,洋河、桑干河和永定河干流监测点B-IBI平均得分分别为1.97、1.86和1.78,妫水河B-IBI平均值为2.48,23个采样点中有16个处于较差状态,7个处于一般状态.相关性分析表明,B-IBI指数与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分、ρ（DO）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NH₄+）、浊度、电导率呈显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于栖息地人为干扰和水质污染均具有较强的指示作用.研究显示,永定河大型底栖动物生物完整性基本丧失,全流域底栖动物群落呈现全面退化趋势,识别影响大型底栖动物群落的关键要素、恢复永定河河流生态系统结构和功能研究亟待开展.      

Health is wealth: Concern for households’ solid waste self‐disposal practices

This study examines the challenges posed by solid waste by assessing the disposal methods practiced by residents in the Ijebu‐Ode Local Government Area (LGA) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained through questionnaire administration. One out of every 10 houses was selected for sampling in six randomly selected wards of Ijebu‐Ode LGA. Three hundred and twelve questionnaires were administered on heads of households. Information elicited from the respondents covered solid waste disposal practices, the rationales behind those practices, and the respondents’ perceptions of environmental problems, including environmental health problems that could emanate from such practices. Data on environmental problems and environmental health problems measured on a 5‐point Likert scale were analyzed using Aggregate Weighted Mean Index. The computed Environmental Problem Indices (EPIs) and Environmental Health Problem Indices (EHPIs) were used to determine the severity of the respective challenges. The results established that blockage of drains with an EPI of 4.15 was a very severe environmental problem and flood hazard with an EPI of 3.55 was a severe environmental problem resulting from solid waste disposal practices. Incidence of malaria and cholera, with EHPIs of 2.85 and 2.56, respectively, were however ranked as not severe environmental health problems. The study concluded that solid waste disposal practices in Ijebu‐Ode LGA were unhygienic and unsafe, hence the need for government intervention to ensure the adoption of the necessary measures toward a safe and healthy environment.     

重庆市工业耗能相关碳排放变化驱动因素研究

在构建重庆市工业耗能相关碳排放影响因素分解模型的基础上,采用因素分解方法分析了过去十余年间(1999²011)4种驱动因素对重庆市工业碳排放变化的影响,并识别出关键驱动因素。结果显示:能耗增长的主要原因是工业经济发展;工业能源强度是促进重庆市工业耗能相关碳减排的主要影响因素;产业结构因素对重庆市工业耗能相关碳排放变化的影响存在波动,但其累积效果表现为减排;能源结构因素对重庆市工业耗能相关碳排放变化没有显著影响。最后,结合各关键因素的未来发展趋势,提出重庆市工业未来低碳发展的可行途径为技术进步和产业升级。     

黄河干流中卫新墩断面水质状况及预测

为评价黄河干流中卫新墩断面近年水质状况及水质变化趋势,文章采用综合污染指数法对新墩断面2004年以来的水质状况进行了分析。结果表明：新墩断面水质达到功能区水质要求,受到轻微污染,水质一般。在此基础上,文章利用GM（1,1）模型,借助Matlab软件,拟合了新墩断面未来水质污染变化方程,得出了新墩断面未来水质将进一步好转的结论。     

单要素环境质量评价数学模式分析与探讨

本文以沈阳市地下水环境质量评价为例,在对综合指数法和模糊综合评判法进行理论阐述和模式分析的基础上,探讨两种方法的理论和实用价值及存在问题.