我国近年来桥梁事故发生的原因与教训

回顾1998—2006年我国桥梁事故发生的典型案例,从设计、施工、营运管理、水文地质和自然灾害等方面分析事故发生的原因;归纳和总结了事故带来的教训:认识的错位是引发桥梁事故的思想根源,法制的缺陷是造成桥梁事故的重要因素,科学规范的违背是酿成桥梁事故的主要根源、历史的欠账是发生桥梁事故的先天隐患、腐败的黑洞是导致桥梁事故的罪魁祸首。从培训教育、严格科技规范、健全法规制度、保障资金投入、加强维护等方面提出预防桥梁事故发生的对策,得出一切桥梁事故都是可以预防的结论。     

DomPrevPlanning: User-friendly software for planning domino effects prevention

Chains of accidents, in literature generally referred to as domino effects, knock-on effects, cascade effects or escalation effects occur very infrequently but with disastrous consequences. There exist very few software packages to study such domino accidents in complex industrial areas and to forecast potential catastrophes caused by secondary order (involving a sequence of three installations submitted to two consecutive accidents), tertiary order or even higher order accidents. Moreover, available domino software focuses on risk assessment and on consequence assessment. None of these toolkits specifically addresses the prioritization of installation sequences in an industrial area in order to facilitate objective prevention decisions about domino effects. This paper describes the application of a new computer-automated tool designed to support decision-making on preventive and protective measures to alleviate domino effects in a complex surrounding of chemical installations. Using a holistic approach and thus looking at the entire industrial area as a whole, all sequences of three installations in the area are ranked according to their danger contribution to domino effects. An example of a cluster of chemical plants demonstrates the level of qualitative and quantitative input data required. The example is also used to explain the toolkit results, as well as the surplus value and the benefits for company safety managers and regulators.     

因果图和层次分析法在事故预防中的应用研究

通过引入因果图法和层次分析法,首先将导致事故发生的原因用因果图法进行分析和表示,然后根据一定的内在机理将因果图转换成AHP的层次结构模型,利用AHP严格的数学逻辑定量计算方法,求得各原因事件的权值,得出各原因事件导致事故发生的重要程度,从而确定影响事故发生的关键原因,进而作为事故预防的重点。以高速公路交通事故诊断为例,得出驾驶员的技术水平和安全意识是影响高速公路交通事故的主导因素的结论。结果表明,运用该法得出的结果符合实际,对事故预防有借鉴意义。     

重大事故应急指挥系统(ICS)框架与功能

本文叙述了事故应急指挥系统(ICS)在处置重大和复杂突发事件中的优越性,提出了事故应急指挥模型可以分为单一、区域、联合三种应急指挥类型,并对比分析了三个模型的特征。介绍了事故应急指挥系统的原型框架以及系统的要素构成,叙述了指挥和行动等各部门的职责与功能及互相之间的联系。     

从三类危险源理论看煤矿事故的频发

笔者运用现代安全科学的观点及事故致因理论,简述了危险源的概念、系统结构和两类危险源理论,提出了第三类危险源研究,根据事故案例调研的结果,探讨了三类危险源之间的关系及其事故致因机理模型;进一步深入分析了煤矿事故的三类危险源,阐述了煤矿事故频发的原因及对策,认为应加强危险源基础理论的研究,尤其要加强对煤矿第三类危险源的辨识和控制研究,这对煤矿安全管理水平的提高具有重要意义。     

The environmental regulator and industrial development

Environmental regulatory agencies' administrative procedures have a significant impact on plant location. The authors review the basic reasons why companies build new plants and the constraints they operate under during site searches. The relationship between these issues and the regulatory agencies' administrative procedures is then shown, as well as the manner in which these procedures influence the site search. On the basis of this discussion, recommendations are made about how state environmental protection agencies can assist site seekers in a manner consistent with their regulatory responsibilities.     

Factors influencing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions and control in major industrial sectors：Case evidence from Shandong Province, China

Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissions. The PCDD/F emissions and the contributions of the scale effect, structure effect and technology effect to emissions from eight main industrial sectors in2006, 2008 and 2010 in Shandong Province, were calculated in this article. Total PCDD/F emissions in Shandong increased by 52.8% in 2008（614.1 g I-TEQ） and 49.7% in 2010（601.8 g I-TEQ） based on 2006（401.9 g I-TEQ）. According to the decomposition method, the largest influencing factor on PCDD/F emission changes was the composition effect（contributed 43.4%in 2008 and 120.6% in 2010 based on 2006）, which was also an emission-increasing factor.In this case, the present industrial restructuring policy should be adjusted to control the proportion of production capacities with high emission factors, such as iron ore sintering and steelmaking and the secondary non-ferrous metal sector. The scale effect increased the emissions in 2008（contributed 21.9%） and decreased the emissions in 2010（contributed-28.0%）. However, as a source control measure, the excess capacity control policy indeed had a significant role in emission reduction. The main reason for the technology effect（contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010 based on 2006） having an emission-increasing role was the weakness in implementing policies for restricting industries with outdated facilities. Some specific suggestions were proposed on PCDD/F reduction for local administrators at the end.     

反应过程典型事故共性分析及安全防控对策研究

为了充分挖掘事故教训,提高化工装置反应过程的安全性水平,收集了5起典型的化工装置反应过程事故,包括:光化釜爆炸事故、聚氯乙烯聚合釜爆炸事故、硝化装置爆炸事故、重氮盐生产过程爆炸事故及磺化反应釜爆炸事故。剖析了事故发生的多方面原因,包括:反应危害认识不足、工艺危险性分析不充分、安全条件没确定、过度依赖操作者及控制系统设计有缺陷等。针对每种原因进行了深入的分析,并借鉴事故的教训、已有的标准及优秀的做法,提出了科学系统的反应过程安全防控建议。     

2012年全球炼油与化工事故统计分析

对2012年全球发生的炼油与化工事故从事故时间、事故类型、事故装置、事故工艺等多角度进行统计分析,结果表明:炼油与化工事故数量月度分布不均;事故类型多为火灾、爆炸;常减压装置与乙烯裂解装置是事故高发装置;国家重点监管的危险工艺仍是事故高发工艺。最后提出了预防事故发生的建议措施。     

论黑龙江省饮用水水源地保护

中国政府高度重视饮水安全问题。保护好饮用水源,加强饮用水安全是时代的重任。本文论述了黑龙江省饮用水水源地保护工作现状和饮用水水源地水质现状,回顾了全省历史上重大环境污染和突发事故,探讨了饮用水源地水环境质量下降因素,提出了饮用水水源地保护建议。