实现秸秆资源化利用的主要途径

随着我国农村经济的发展和能源供应的改善，部分经济较发达地区出现了秸秆过剩的现象，田间直接燃烧秸秆造成了严重的环境问题。文章认为秸秆作为农业的副产品，是一种有用的资源。介绍了4种秸秆资源化利用的途径，包括能源利用技术、肥料利用技术、饲料利用技术以及用于工业原料的技术。     

吸光光度法测定工业污水中NH_4~ —N含量

本法根据ＮＨ＋４与水杨酸在次氯酸钠和亚硝基铁氰化钠的作用下形成一种有色配合物的反应,最大吸收波长为７００ｎｍ,体系中ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ浓度在０～１４μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合朗伯—比耳定律,测得摩尔吸光系数ε＝１１×１０４。本法灵敏、准确、重现性好,测试误差小于３％,回收率为９６～１０２３１％。     

使用低硫优质煤种的环境和经济效益预测

通过煤粉、沸腾两种炉型锅炉,进行低硫优质煤种和高硫劣质煤种的对比燃烧试验,取得有代表性试验数据;将试验所得数据,对比梧州市区域燃煤排放二氧化硫和大气二氧化硫现状,预测推行试验方法的环境效益和经济效益,并证实此法是改善区域大气二氧化硫污染的有效途径.     

锅炉烟尘测试方法探讨

文章对日常锅炉监测中出现的问题进行了分析,并对《锅炉烟尘测试方法》的改进提出几点建议。     

陕西省重金属污染特征分析

以陕西省重金属工业污染源为例,利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,从污染物种类、时间变化、空间分布、行业排放4个方面,分析了陕西省工业污染源重金属的排放特征,重点比较了1991~2009年近20年以来重金属排放特征的变化。结果表明,近20年陕西省工业污染源重金属等标污染负荷大小排序为铅>砷>镉>六价铬>汞; 1991~2009年,重金属排放总量呈较大下降趋势,单位产值重金属排放总量呈显著下降趋势; 1991年重金属等标污染负荷最大的行政区和流域分别为渭南市和渭河流域,2009年则转移至西安市和嘉陵江流域; 1991年和2009年,污染负荷最大的行业均为有色金属矿采选业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业,其铅排放应作为整治的重点。     

Multi-objective optimization of waste and resource management in industrial networks – Part I: Model description

This article presents a general multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model aimed at providing decision support for waste and resources management in industrial networks. The MILP model combines material flow analysis, process models of waste treatments and other industrial processes, life cycle assessment, and mathematical optimization techniques within a unified framework. The optimization is based on a simplified representation of industrial networks that makes use of linear process models to describe the flows of mass and energy. Waste-specific characteristics, e.g. heating value or heavy metal contamination, are considered explicitly along with potential technologies or process configurations. The systems perspective, including both provision of waste treatment and industrial production, enables constraints imposed upon the systems, e.g. available treatment capacities, to be explicitly considered in the model. The model output is a set of alternative system configurations in terms of distribution of waste and resources that optimize environmental and economic performance. The MILP also enables quantification of the improvement potential compared to a given reference state. Trade-offs between conflicting objectives are identified through the generation of a set of Pareto-efficient solutions. This information supports the decision making process by revealing the quantified performance of the efficient trade-offs without relying on weighting being expressed prior to the analysis. Key features of the modeling approach are illustrated in a hypothetical case. The optimization model described in this article is applied in a subsequent paper (Part II) to assess and optimize the thermal treatment of sewage sludge in a region in Switzerland.