基于安全社会学的高层建筑火灾事故剖析——以上海“11·15”特大火灾事故为例

结合我国基本国情及“11·15”特大火灾事故的具体情况,运用社会学视角,从技术和理性的局限、效益和安全的博弈、人因和制度的瓶颈三个方面透析由高层建筑火灾事故难以解决这一现状暴露出的社会学问题。并提出有利于从深层次上保障人民生命安全和公共财产安全的三点建议：调整引发不安全因素的社会结构;提升有利于确保安全的技术能力;加强政府的社会控制功能。本文针对我国高层建筑火灾事故频发的现状,揭示了“11·15”特大火灾事故带来的警示和反思,就高层建筑火灾防范提出了改进方法,对建筑、消防等部门的管理工作具有一定的参考意义。     

矿井火区启封安全性分析及判别准则

矿井火区启封时火区状态判断失误会导致火区复燃或火区内瓦斯爆炸。为此,本文在分析矿井火区启封的安全性的基础上,从气体信息采集和火区燃烧状态的判断技术两方面,提出了相关准则。气体信息采集准则含气样代表火区状态真实性、提高气样代表火区大气状态的真实性、正确的气样采集方法十六项内容,主要论及钻孔取样、孔内测压、火区气体采样地点、倾斜巷道密闭取样、取样地点对气样准确度的影响、气样采集时间、采集钻孔封堵、混合气样分段采集方法、取样时间间隔、气样分析方式等。火区燃烧状态的判断技术准则含十二项内容,主要论及不同火区气体浓度条件和环境条件下正确判断火区燃烧状态技术。准则可为矿井火区治理中正确分析判断火区状态和启封条件提供参考。     

采用Dolphin技术治理河道水质的探索

介绍了Dolphin技术的原理、特点,采用该技术对河道水处理后,水质有很大的改变,水体能见度明显提高,臭味被遏制,藻类显著减少,而且无污泥和异味,对氨氮和高锰酸钾指数的去除率均在50%左右。     

矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案技术要求探讨

以《同煤集团梵王寺煤矿矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案》为例,根据相关工程实践,对"矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案"编制过程中需要特别注意的几个问题及争议问题进行了探讨,以期对该类项目起到指导作用。     

Fiscal spending and the environment: Theory and empirics

During economic crises, governments often increase fiscal spending to stimulate the economy. While the fiscal spending surge may be temporary, spending composition is often altered in favor of expenditures on social programs and other public goods which may persist over time. We model and measure the impact of fiscal spending patterns on the environment. The model predicts that a reallocation of government spending composition towards social and public goods reduces pollution. However, increasing total government spending without altering its composition does not reduce pollution. We empirically test these predictions for air and water pollutants showing that they are fully supported.     

Spatially distributed modeling of the long-term carbon balance of a boreal landscape

Spatially and temporally distributed information on the sizes of biomass carbon (C) pools (BCPs) and soil C pools (SCPs) is vital for improving our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere C fluxes. Because the sizes of C pools result from the integrated effects of primary production, age-effects, changes in climate, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, N deposition, and disturbances, a modeling scheme that interactively considers these processes is important. We used the InTEC model, driven by various spatio-temporal datasets to simulate the long-term C-balance in a boreal landscape in eastern Canada. Our results suggested that in this boreal landscape, mature coniferous stands had stabilized their productivity and fluctuated as a weak C-sink or C-source depending on the interannual variations in hydrometeorological factors. Disturbed deciduous stands were larger C-sinks (NEP₂₀₀₄ = 150 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹) than undisturbed coniferous stands (e.g. NEP₂₀₀₄ = 8 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹). Wetlands had lower NPP but showed temporally consistent C accumulation patterns. The simulated spatio-temporal patterns of BCPs and SCPs were unique and reflected the integrated effects of climate, plant growth and atmospheric chemistry besides the inherent properties of the C pool themselves. The simulated BCPs and SCPs generally compared well with the biometric estimates (BCPs: r = 0.86, SCPs: r = 0.84). The largest BCP biases were found in recently disturbed stands and the largest SCP biases were seen in locations where moss necro-masses were abundant. Reconstructing C pools and C fluxes in the ecosystem in such a spatio-temporal manner could help reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of terrestrial C-cycle.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

水力割缝增透抽采煤层瓦斯原理及应用

煤层瓦斯抽采是避免煤矿瓦斯灾害发生的根本防治措施,水力割缝技术使煤体在割缝后应力松弛、卸压、破坏、破裂,以成倍或者十几倍地提高煤层的渗透性,继而对煤层瓦斯进行抽采,使瓦斯煤层变为低瓦斯或无瓦斯煤层,从根本上避免瓦斯灾害发生。从水力割缝技术切割煤层致煤层应力变化角度,将理论分析和数值模拟方法相结合,根据渗流力学平面径向流理论,分析给出水力割缝技术增透抽采瓦斯原理。以兖州东滩矿3号煤层为例,分析采用水力割缝技术前后煤层应力变化、渗透率变化规律。结果表明:大面积割缝后,应力重新分布,由均匀状态转变为非均匀状态分布,水平缝使煤层卸压,煤层应力普遍降低,在缝上部煤层局部形成拉应力区。割缝后渗透率是割缝前的4.34倍,渗透率大幅度增加,从而提高瓦斯抽采速度和最终抽采率。     

具有危险源性质的复杂系统安全行为演化研究

为解决具有危险源性质的复杂社会技术系统安全行为演化动力机制问题,针对系统生命周期长、影响因素多的特点,以日本福岛核泄漏事故为例,创建扩展型功能共振模型,用于描述系统内安全事故影响因素的作用过程。而后将系统相关主体分为实施方、业主方和第三方共3类,运用演化博弈方法深入研究发现,三方所承担的安全执行成本、安全处罚成本及事故成本之间的数量关系变化是系统安全行为演化发展的动力,3类成本失衡引发的监管机制失效是导致此次核泄漏事故的根源,并据此提出保持政府独立性和权威性、限制业主行为、建立项目责任主体终生追溯机制和采用立体处罚方式的建议。     

美国煤矿安全管理发展的研究与分析

为借鉴发达国家在煤矿安全管理的成功经验和失败教训,尽快提高我国煤矿的安全管理水平,采用数量统计和归纳总结等方法,分析美国煤矿安全生产水平与其社会政治、经济、法制、文化、科技、装备等的关系,讨论美国在不同社会发展阶段的社会政治经济特征;根据不同发展阶段的社会生态类型、安全诉求和安全观念对煤矿安全的影响,总结归纳美国由煤矿安全事故高发期向事故快速稳定下降期转变所采取的不同的煤矿安全管理策略。提出煤矿安全发展过程具有明显的阶段性特点,指出在由农业社会向工业化社会发展阶段,事故快速上升是必然的过程,通过完善法律法规等办法可加快煤矿安全向稳定好转的方向发展。