海陆风环流中海盐气溶胶对大气影响的模拟

采用WRF-CMAQ模式对2013年9月9~13日珠江口一次典型海陆风过程进行数值模拟,并进一步探讨了在此类型环流系统下,海盐气溶胶及其对大气环境的影响.结果表明：珠江口附近海风环流一般在14：00左右开始形成,17：00左右发展最旺盛,且在珠江口沿岸形成扇形风系.在海陆风环流影响下,珠江三角洲地区陆地上Na⁺浓度从17：00开始增加,次日02：00左右达到最大,10：00以后开始下降.海盐气溶胶存在明显的氯亏损现象,其中白天的氯亏损情况远比晚上严重,细粒径的氯亏损情况比粗粒径严重.设置有无海盐气溶胶排放的敏感性试验进行对比研究发现：考虑海盐排放后,珠江口地区HCl,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-的浓度均有增加,其中,HCl和NO₃^-的增加较多,SO₄^2-较少.HCl浓度增加的高值在Cl^-高值之前;SO₄^2-浓度变化主要受海盐气溶胶排放中的硫酸盐组分影响;NO₃^-浓度变化则主要受氯亏损机制和NO₃^-干沉降过程共同影响.     

酸性介质对橡胶材料在盐雾环境下老化行为的影响研究

目的研究SO_2、稀硫酸两种酸性介质对橡胶材料在盐雾环境下老化行为的影响。方法以乙丙橡胶、丁腈橡胶为试验对象,分别以SO_2、稀硫酸为酸性介质,开展"SO2-盐雾"、"稀硫酸-盐雾"试验,利用宏观形貌观察、拉伸性能测试方法,结合扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱技术,分析两种酸性介质对橡胶材料老化过程的影响。结果乙丙橡胶在"SO2-盐雾"复合环境中暴露48 h后,表面由紫色变为淡蓝色;暴露12d后,表面出现密集的脱落坑和长条状的粉化带,亚甲基含量略微降低,第三单体中,残余双键特征吸收峰消失。丁腈橡胶在"SO2-盐雾"环境中暴露12d后,橡胶断裂拉伸强度保留率降低至75%,聚合物中的酰胺键、亚甲基含量显著降低。结论"SO2-盐雾"复合试验对橡胶材料的侵蚀作用更加剧烈,丁腈橡胶暴露12 d后的断裂拉伸强度损失率比在"稀硫酸-盐雾"环境下高出14.39%。SO_2气体加速了橡胶中填充剂颗粒的析出、脱落过程,造成橡胶表面出现变色、脱落等缺陷,导致橡胶材料的拉伸性能降低。     

Molten hydroxide for detoxification of chlorine-containing waste: Unraveling chlorine retention efficiency and chlorine salt enrichment

Hazardous waste dechlorination reduces the potential of creating dioxins during the incineration process. To investigate the salt effect on waste dechlorination, molten hydroxides with a low melting temperature were utilized for the pre-dechlorination and decomposition of chlorine-containing organic wastes(COWs) including trichlorobenzene(TCB),perchloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene and chlordane. The results showed that a eutectic mixture of caustic sodium and potassium hydroxides(41 wt.% NaOH and 59 wt.% KOH) led to a low melting point below 300°C and a relatively high chlorine retention efficiency(CRE) with TCB as a representative COWs. The amounts of hydroxides, reaction time, and temperature all had notable influence on CRE. When the mass ratio of hydroxides to TCB reached 30:1,approximately 98.1% of the TCB was destroyed within 2.5 hr at 300°C with CRE of 71.6%.According to the residue analysis, the shapes of reaction residues were irregular with particles becoming swollen and porous. The benzene ring and C–Cl bonds disappeared, while carboxyl groups formed in the residues. The stripped chlorine was retained and condensed to form chloride salts, and the relative abundance of the chloride ions associated with the mass of TCB in residues increased from 0 to 75.0% within the 2.5 hr reaction time. The observed concentration of dioxins in residues was 5.6 ngTEQ/kg. A reaction pathway and possible additional reactions that occur in this dechlorination system were proposed. Oxidizing agents may attack TCB and facilitate hydrogenation/dechlorination reactions, making this process a promising and environmentally friendly approach for chlorine-containing organic waste treatment.     

Template-free synthesis of inorganic hollow spheres at water/“water-brother”interfaces as Fenton-like reagents for water treatment

This paper reports a template-free method to synthesize a series of inorganic hollow spheres (IHSs) including Cu-1, Cu-2, Ni-1, Ni-2 based on mineralization reactions at water/“water-brother” interfaces. “Water-brother” was defined as a solvent which is miscible with water, such as ethanol and acetone. The water/“water-brother” interfaces are very different from water/oil interfaces. The “water-brother” solvent will usually form a homogenous phase with water. Interestingly, in our method, these interfaces can be formed, observed and utilized to synthesize hollow spheres. Utilizing the unique porous properties of the spheres, their potential application in water treatment was demonstrated by using Cu-1 IHSs as Fenton-like reagents for adsorption and decomposition of Congo Red from aqueous solution. The final adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 30 min with the maximum adsorption capacity of 86.1 mg/g, and 97.3% removal of the dye in 80 min after adsorption equilibrium. The IHSs can be reused as least 5 times after treatment by NaOH. This method is facile and suitable for large-scale production, and shows great potential for watertreatment.     

Comparison of inorganic chemical compositions of atmospheric TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in northern and southern Chinese coastal cities

To compare the inorganic chemical compositions of TSP(total suspended paniculate),PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in southern and northern cities in China,atmospheric particles were synchronously collected in Dalian(the northern city)and Xiamen(the southern city) in spring and autumn of 2004.The mass concentrations,twenty-three elements and nine soluble ions were assessed.The results show that in Dalian,the mass concentrations of Mg,Al,Ca,Mn and Fe in spring were 4.0-10.1,2.6-8.0,4.1-12,1.2-3.6 and 2.9-7.9 times higher,respectively,than those in Xiamen.The dust storm influence is more obvious in Dalian in spring.However,in Xiamen,heavy metals accounted for 13.9%-17.9%of TSP,while heavy metals contributed to 5.5%-9.3%of TSP in Dalian.These concentrations suggest that heavy metal pollution in Xiamen was more serious.In addition,the concentrations of Na~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) were higher in Dalian due to the influence of marine aerosol,construction activities and soil dust.The NO~(3-)/SO_4~(2-) ratios in Dalian(0.25-0.49) were lower than those in Xiamen(0.51-0.62),indicating that the contributions of vehicle emission to particles in Xiamen were higher.Coefficient of divergence values was higher than 0.40,implying that the inorganic chemical composition profiles for the particles of Dalian and Xiamen were quite different from each other.     

曝晒位置对纯铜热带海洋大气环境腐蚀性能的影响研究

目的研究不同离岸曝晒位置对纯铜热带海洋大气环境腐蚀性能的影响。方法通过对T2铜在三亚热带海滨离岸不同距离进行24个月的大气曝晒试验,结合大气Cl~-在相应位置的沉积量及湿度变化情况,并采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪和XRD等对其腐蚀产物形貌、成分和物相进行分析。结果 T2铜热带海洋大气腐蚀以均匀腐蚀为主,其平均腐蚀速率随离岸距离的增加、曝晒时间的延长而下降。腐蚀产物为双层结构,外层为具有疏松结构的绿色Cu_2(OH)_3Cl,内层为致密的Cu_2O。随着离岸距离的增加、暴露时间的延长,试样表面电解液介质中Cl~-浓度越大,T2铜腐蚀产物中Cu_2(OH)_3Cl含量增加,但腐蚀产物生成主要以Cu_2O相为主。结论腐蚀速率与盐雾沉积量与离岸距离变化关系存在差异,盐雾沉积量先升后降,在离岸80 m处有最大值,由于大气相对湿度的影响,导致T2铜腐蚀速率在离岸0 m处有最大值,在离岸80 m处有极大值。     

基于多因子影响的东南沿海地区服役涂层环境试验设计

目的通过分析东南沿海地区车辆服役环境特点,提取了光照、温度、水、化学介质四种影响因素,分析四种影响因素的影响机理、影响方式、影响效果。方法对《GJB 150A—2009军用装备实验室环境试验方法》的基本运用方法及裁剪技术进行初步探讨,依据该标准制定东南沿海地区服役车辆涂层实验室试验的流程方法,并进行试验验证。结果实验室加速腐蚀试验结果与现役涂层腐蚀情况具有较好的相关性。结论为东南沿海地区涂层环境试验的设计、实施及测评,对涂层寿命预测、有效性检验和维修保养方案制定提供了重要的依据。     

唐山大气颗粒物中水溶性无机盐的观测研究

为认知唐山大气颗粒物中典型二次污染化学成分水溶性无机盐的浓度水平、季节变化和粒径分布特征,于2010年9月～2011年8月使用惯性撞击式分级采样器对唐山大气颗粒物进行了分级采样,并用离子色谱分析了其中水溶性无机盐含量.结果表明,PM9(可视为可吸入颗粒物)和PM2.1(细粒子)中以3种水溶性无机盐SO24-、NO3-和NH4+为主,三者之和分别占PM9和PM2.1中水溶性无机盐总浓度的68%和77%;PM9和PM2.1中3种盐的浓度和在春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节分别为35.0、84.7、67.3、61.6μg.m-3和23.2、64.8、52.7、49.6μg.m-3,颗粒物中3种盐在细粒子中的赋存比例年均值分别为70%、75%和94%,夏季赋存于粗粒子中的比例显著高于其它季节.Ca2+和Mg2+全年均呈粗模态单峰分布.唐山大气颗粒物污染严重,控制燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧直排颗粒物的同时,要重点加强对气态污染物排放的控制,同时要控制地面扬尘和建筑灰尘.全面控制人为污染排放源,同时加强绿化和地面硬化、封闭式管理建筑工地,才有可能抑制住唐山市目前严重的大气污染.     

Sorption of hydrophobic pesticides on a Mediterranean soil affected by wastewater, dissolved organic matter and salts

Irrigation with treated wastewaters as an alternative in countries with severe water shortage may influence the sorption of pesticides and their environmental effects, as wastewater contains higher concentrations of suspended and dissolved organic matter and inorganic compounds than freshwater. We have examined the sorption behaviour of three highly hydrophobic pesticides (the herbicide pendimethalin and the insecticides α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) on a Mediterranean agricultural soil using the batch equilibration method. We considered wastewater, extracts from urban sewage sludge with different dissolved organic carbon contents, and inorganic salt solutions, using Milli Q water as a control. All pesticides were strongly retained by soil although some sorption occurred on the walls of the laboratory containers, especially when wastewater and inorganic salt solutions were used. The calculation of distribution constants by measuring pesticide concentrations in soil and solution indicated that pendimethalin sorption was not affected whereas α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin retention were significantly enhanced (ca. 5 and 2 times, respectively) when wastewater or salt solutions were employed. We therefore conclude that the increased sorption of the two pesticides caused by wastewater cannot be only the result of its dissolved organic carbon content, but also of the simultaneous presence of inorganic salts in the solution.     

无机酸处理碱洗污水工艺的研究

介绍一种用无机酸处理碱洗污水的工艺过程。经小试、中试试验表明 ,该工艺处理后的污水含油和 COD的脱除率均达 95 %以上