Historical trends of trace metals in a sediment core from a contaminated tidal salt marsh in San Francisco Bay

Sedimentation of metals preserves historical records of contaminant input from local and regional sources, and measurement of metals in sediment cores can provide information for reconstruction of historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. Sediment core was collected from Stege Marsh located in central San Francisco Bay (California, USA) to investigate the historical input of trace metals. Aluminum-normalized enrichment factors indicate that inputs from anthropogenic sources were predominant over natural input for Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Among these, lead was the most anthropogenically impacted metal with enrichment factors ranging from 32 to 108. Depth profiles and coefficients of variation show that As, Cd, and Se were also influenced by anthropogenic input. The levels of these anthropogenically impacted metals decline gradually towards the surface due to regulation of the use of leaded gasoline, municipal and industrial wastewater discharge control, and closure of point sources on the upland of Stege Marsh. Although trace metal contamination is expected to be continuously declining, the rates of decline have slowed down. For lead, it is estimated to take 44, 82, and 153 years to decrease to probable effects level (112 μg/g), the San Francisco Bay ambient surface sediment level (43.2 μg/g), and the local baseline levels (5 μg/g), respectively. Some metals in surface sediments (0–6 cm) are still higher than sediment quality guidelines such as the probable effects level. To further facilitate the recovery of sediment quality, more efficient management plans need to be developed and implemented to control trace metals from non-point sources such as stormwater runoff.     

塔里木河下游地区新生林地滴灌后土壤水盐再分布特征

以塔里木河下游农二师35团8连绿洲-荒漠交界处滴灌条件下的新生林土壤为研究对象,对滴灌结束24 h后的土壤水分、盐分分布特征进行了分析.结果显示:水平方向上,各点处纵剖面土壤含水率随着距滴头距离的增加逐渐下降,至距滴头75 cm处达最低值;而各点处土壤纵剖面含盐量则随着距滴头距离的增加逐渐上升,至距滴头75 cm处达到峰值.垂直方向上,无论水分还是盐分,在20-40 cm土层含量较高,至中下层趋于下降.水平方向上,随着距滴头距离的增加,滴头处土壤剖面含水率与其他点处土壤剖面含水率的相关性依次递减,距滴头75 cm处土壤剖面含盐量与其他点处土壤剖面含盐量的相关性依次递增;垂直方向上,与20-40 cm土层含水率相关性较强的是0-20 cm土层,在α=0.01水平上呈显著相关,其次是40-60 cm土层,在α=0.05水平上呈显著相关.     

盐雾胁迫对榄仁幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,用叶片喷雾的方式对盐生植物榄仁（Terminalia catappa）的幼苗进行NaCl胁迫处理,研究了盐雾胁迫对其生长、5种矿质元素（Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、K＋、Cl-）和灰分在幼苗不同叶龄叶片和叶片各部分分布的影响,以探讨盐雾胁迫下的盐害机理,以此指导实际工作中盐害诊断与预防措施,为筛选耐盐树种建设沿海防护林提供依据。结果表明：盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的叶、茎、根生长比对照组缓慢,K＋在各叶片分区的分布差别较小,Ca2＋、Mg2＋、灰分在叶片中心区分布较多,Na＋和Cl-均向叶缘集中,且Na＋和Cl-质量分数显著增加（P〈0-05）,可见盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片盐分较易集中在叶尖、叶缘,这与叶片病斑多分布于叶尖、叶缘的症状相符。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片的灰分质量分数在叶片中心区分布最多,并呈现老叶〉成叶〉新叶,而且随胁迫时间增加呈升高趋势,叶片不同部位和不同叶龄的灰分质量分数都显著高于对照组（P〈0-05）,故盐雾胁迫促进植物体灰分积累。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的 K＋、Na＋、Cl-在新叶分布最多,Ca2＋在老叶分布最多,Mg2-在成熟叶分布最多,可见新叶对盐雾胁迫最敏感。不论是在叶片不同部分、不同叶龄的分布,还是在盐雾胁迫下5种矿质元素质量分数的变化上,榄仁幼苗体内的Na＋-Cl-存在极显著强正相关（P〈0.01）。     

氯化铵浸取法回收盐泥中的镁

以盐泥为原料,采用氯化铵浸取回收盐泥中的Mg²⁺,以浸取液和回收的氨反应制取氢氧化镁产品。考察了盐泥浆液固含量、浸取时间、物料比（氯化铵与盐泥中氢氧化镁的摩尔比）等工艺条件对Mg²⁺浸取率的影响,并以比表面积为考察指标进行正交实验,确定氢氧化镁的最佳制备条件。实验结果表明：在盐泥浆液固含量为248 g/L、浸取时间为100 min、物料比为2.3的条件下,Mg²⁺浸取率为75.0%;在n（MgCl₂）:n（NH₄Cl）=0.5、氨水浓度3 mol/L、氨水滴加速率 0.8 mL/min、反应温度 90 ℃的最佳条件下,制备的氢氧化镁的比表面积为17.87 m²/g,粒径约为3 μm。该工艺简单可行,为盐泥的综合利用提供了新的思路。     

聚天冬氨酸的阻垢分散性能

以马来酸酐和铵盐为原料合成聚天冬氨酸,对聚天冬氨酸进行了红外光谱和差热-热重分析表征,并对其阻碳酸钙垢及分散氧化铁的性能做了较系统的研究。结果表明：所得产品的产率均在98．11％以上,并基本具备目标产物聚天冬氨酸的各种官能团;热分解温度为386．3℃;当加入量为4mg/L时,其阻垢率已接近100％;当加入量为30mg/L时,分散氧化铁性能最好,溶液透光率为48．7％。     

盐结皮对艾比湖湿地土壤特性的影响及其自然要素分析

为探讨艾比湖湿地内土壤盐结皮(SSC)与土壤特性的相互作用关系,以及影响SSC厚度的 自然要素.采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,在湿地内选取30个具有代表性的样点,并在其周围选取无SSC的样点(30个)作对比,对研究区内有SSC和无SSC覆盖的土壤特性(有机质、容重、质量含水量、总盐、全氮、全磷和pH)进行对比分析...     

西藏盐井地区盐泉同位素特征示踪研究

对西藏盐井地区盐泉、曲孜卡泉、地表水及重要地层进行了同位素测定和分析,结合区域地质构造条件、辅以水化学证据确定泉水的补径排模式。δD~δ18O规律指示出盐泉和温泉的补给类型的差异;用δ18O对泉水的补给区海拔高程进行恢复;泉水、岩样的δ13C~δ18O规律指示出盐泉流经的主要相关层位为上三叠统地层T3b~T3d;其排泄主要受到芒康-盐井复式向斜次级背斜核部的张性裂隙所控制。     

Sea salt bittern-driven forward osmosis for nutrient recovery from black water: A dual waste-to-resource innovation via the osmotic membrane process

• A dual “waste-to-resource” application of FO was proposed. • Performance of sea salt bittern as an economic FO draw solution was evaluated. • High quality struvite recovery from black water using FO was demonstrated. • Feed pH is a key factor to control the form of recovered phosphorous. A dual “waste-to-resource” innovation in nutrient enrichment and recovery from domestic black water using a sea salt bittern (SSB)-driven forward osmosis (FO) process is proposed and demonstrated. The performance of SSB as a “waste-to-resource” draw solution for FO was first evaluated. A synthetic SSB-driven FO provided a water flux of 25.67±3.36 L/m²⋅h, which was 1.5‒1.7 times compared with synthetic seawater, 1 M NaCl, and 1 M MgCl₂. Slightly compromised performance regarding reverse solute selectivity was observed. In compensation, the enhanced reverse diffusion of Mg²⁺ suggested superior potential in terms of recovering nutrients in the form of struvite precipitation. The nutrient enrichment was performed using both the pre-filtered influent and effluent of a domestic septic tank. Over 80% of phosphate-P recovery was achieved from both low- and high-strength black water at a feed volume reduction up to 80%‒90%. With an elevated feed pH (~9), approximately 60%‒85% enriched phosphate-P was able to be recovered in the form of precipitated stuvite. Whereas the enrichment performance of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) largely differed depending on the strength of black water. Improved concentration factor (i.e., 3-folds) and retention (>60%) of TKN was obtained in the high-nutrient-strength black water at a feed volume reduction of 80%, in comparison with a weak TKN enrichment observed in low-strength black water. The results suggested a good potential for nutrient recovery based on this dual “waste-to-resource” FO system with proper management of membrane cleaning.     

Effect of salt and urban water samples on bacterivory by the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila

The effect of road salt on the eating of bacteria or bacterivory by the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila, was followed in non-nutrient Osterhout's solution with Escherichia coli expressing green fluorescent protein. Bacterivory was impaired at between 0.025 and 0.050% w/v but the ciliates appeared to have normal morphologies and motilities, whereas at above 0.1%, bacterivory was blocked and many ciliates died. By contrast, E. coli remained viable, suggesting salt could alter predator-prey relationships in microbial communities. In nutrient medium, salt was not toxic and the ciliates grew. After growth in salt, ciliates consumed bacteria in 0.2% salt, indicating the salt acclimation of bacterivory. Bacteria and ciliates were added to urban creek samples to compare their capacity to support exogenous bacterivory. Even though samples were collected weekly for a year and be expected to have fluctuating salt levels as a result of deicing, all creek samples supported a similar level of bacterivory.