Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils I. selection of promising woody plants

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This glasshouse study is aimed at evaluating tropical plants for phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated saline sandy subsurface soils. Tropical plants were selected for their ability to tolerate high salinity and remove No. 2 diesel fuel in coastal topsoil prior to further investigation of the phytoremediation feasibility in deep contaminated soils. The residual petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminant at the John Rogers Tank Farm site, a former petroleum storage facility, at Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, Hawaii, is located in a coastal area. It lies below a layer of silt in the subsurface, in loamy sand characterized by moderate salinity and high pH. Little is known regarding the ability of tropical plants to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface soil in Hawaiian and other Pacific Island ecosystems although suitable plants have been identified and utilized for bioremediation in surface soil or marine sediments. METHODS: The experiments were conducted in long narrow pots under glasshouse conditions in two phases. A preliminary experiment was done with nine tropical plants: kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), common ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), kou (Cordia subcordata), tropical coral tree (Erythrina variegata), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), oleander (Nerium oleander), and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). These plants were screened for resistance to high salinity treatment (2% NaCl) and two diesel fuel levels (5 and 10 g No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil) in separate treatments. Plants that showed good tolerance of both factors were further evaluated in a second phase for their efficacy in the phytoremediation of diesel-fuel petroleum hydrocarbons under moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). RESULTS: Tropical coral tree and buffelgrass were susceptible to either 2% NaCl or diesel fuel at 10 g/kg soil, but tolerant of diesel fuel at 5 g/kg soil. Kiawe, milo, kou, common ironwood, N. oleander, beach naupaka and false sandalwood were tolerant of high salinity (2% NaCl) or high diesel fuel level (10 g/kg soil). These seven plants were also tolerant of the combined adverse effects of a moderate salinity (1% NaCl) and 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil. Three trees, kiawe, milo and kou significantly accelerated the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil spiked with 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil under a moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). CONCLUSION: Thus the tropical woody plants, kiawe, milo and kou showed potential for use in phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal tropical soils. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Two fast growing trees, milo and kou, appeared promising for further phytoremediation evaluation in experiments that simulate the soil profile at the field site.     

Biotic and abiotic stress effects on nitrogen chemistry in the salt marsh cordgrassSpartina alterniflora (Poaceae)

Summary Planthopper (Insecta: Homoptera) feeding stress induces a senesence-like response in the leaves ofSpartina alterniflora characterized by decreased soluble protein, an increased total amino acid pool, and elevated levels of 10 individual amino acids. Increased proline and tryptophan in response to planthopper feeding could not be fully explained by protein degradation. Low degrees of soil salinity stress resulted in an increased total free amino acid pool and elevated levels of 7 amino acids. Anaerobic soil stress resulted in decreased glutamic acid and increased asparagine. Low salinity and anaerobic stress had no effect on soluble protein levels. Glycinebetaine was not affected by the stresses examined in this study.     

盐胁迫条件下三角滨藜叶片中盐分的积累与分配

用扫描电镜和能谱仪测定不同浓度NaCl胁迫2wk后的三角滨藜幼叶和成熟叶中Na 在细胞外和细胞内的分布情况,并利用原子吸收分光光度计测定叶片中Na 的积累量,同时还观测了盐囊泡及其与盐的积累、分泌之间的关系.结果表明,在盐胁迫下,三角滨藜叶片中的Na 积累量随根外溶液盐浓度的升高而增加,而盐囊泡的含盐量并无显著变化.同时发现,叶片中的Na 主要积累在细胞内.因此,可以认为,三角滨藜主要靠吸收并在细胞内积累Na 来降低渗透势,保证植株的水分吸收,而三角滨藜的盐囊泡在盐分分泌与抗盐中并无实质性作用.图2表3参12     

盐渍地刺槐体内Na的积累和分布

研究了Na在不同树龄刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)地下部分和地上部分的分布,以及刺槐地下部分Na含量与对应土层Na含量的关系。在长时间盐胁迫下,大量Na盐进入刺槐体内,随着生长时间的增加,Na盐积累量骤然增加。刺槐地下部分Na的绝对含量和积累速率显著高于地上部分。随着根系不断向土层深处伸延,刺槐根部Na含量显著增加。本研究揭示了在高盐环境中,刺槐通过调节Na在植物体内的分配,以减少Na+的生理毒害,提高其对高盐胁迫的耐受性。     

盐胁迫下玉米幼苗ABA和GABA的积累及其相互关系

盐胁迫下玉米幼苗内源脱落酸(abscisicacid,ABA)和γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyricacid,GABA)含量增加,且ABA的积累先于GABA.用100μmol/L外源ABA和150mmol/LNacl处理使玉米幼苗内源GABA含量增加,NaCl和ABA同时处理时,对玉米幼苗GABA积累的诱导表现加合效应.ABA生物合成抑制剂氟草酮预处理后使盐胁迫诱导的GABA含量增加幅度减小,说明在盐胁迫下ABA调节GBAA积累.NaCl和ABA处理均刺激谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)的活性,推测盐胁迫下ABA通过调控GAD的活性而导致GABA积累.图6参18     

大气盐雾分布影响因素与监(检)测及评价方法

阐述了大气盐雾的主要来源、影响盐雾含量和分布的主要因素、当前盐雾的主要监测技术以及与盐雾含量相对应的环境等级,有助于对沿海地区金属设备防腐蚀设计提供参数依据。其中大气盐雾的来源主要为海洋环境,而影响盐雾含量和分布的因素主要为离海岸距离、风速、风向等,当前盐雾含量的主要监测技术包括大气盐雾收集和盐雾含量检测两个步骤,盐雾的收集方式是大气盐雾含量精准度的重要指标,根据其结果表征方式(盐雾浓度和盐雾沉降率)主要分为采气收集和沉降收集。再利用检测手段分析盐雾含量,根据对设备腐蚀情况进行分等分级,但是现有方法具有一定的缺陷,如人为误差大,且无法实时监测环境中的盐雾变化情况,因此,在线检测技术是未来盐雾含量监测的主要研究方向。精准地检测环境中的盐雾含量,可为后期的腐蚀防护提出高效且经济的建议。     

Na2SO4对古尔班通古特沙漠细沙盐结皮特性的影响

盐晶体胶结土壤颗粒形成的一层盐结皮层质地致密且强度较高,具有较高的抗风蚀能力,在土壤风蚀治理中具有重要作用.盐结皮特性与盐的种类及质量分数有关,为探究w（Na₂SO₄）对结皮特性的影响,选取古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘流动风沙土的主要颗粒（100~200 μm）,于70℃下在烘箱内进行13个w（Na₂SO₄）的12 h胶结试验,即风沙土中w（Na₂SO₄）为0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%、6.0%、7.0%、8.0%、10.0%、12.0%,分析w（Na₂SO₄）对风沙土盐结皮的表观、抗压强度及韧性特征3个抗风蚀能力指标的影响.结果表明:①随着w（Na₂SO₄）的增大,结皮表面颜色由红棕色变为浅红棕色再变为灰白色,表面盐晶越来越多.②w（Na₂SO₄）≤ 3.0%时结皮表面平整,4.0%~7.0%时结皮表面呈现起伏"波浪状",≥ 8.0%时结皮表层遭孔隙应力破坏并脱离土体.③w（Na₂SO₄）≤ 3.0%时,样品抗压强度随着w（Na₂SO₄）的增加呈线性上升;≥ 3.0%时受孔隙压力破坏的影响,结皮抗压强度随w（Na₂SO₄）的增加反而下降.④结皮的韧性与w（Na₂SO₄）存在密切关系,w（Na₂SO₄）≤ 3.0%时,韧性随w（Na₂SO₄）的增加而增大,≥ 3.0%时韧性随w（Na₂SO₄）的增加反而减小.沙漠中风沙土主要组成物质是细沙（100~200 μm）,且主要粒径沙土结皮特性与自然风沙土的结皮最相似.所以,若采用质量分数为3.0%的Na₂SO₄胶结风沙土形成盐结皮,具有较好的抗压强度和韧性,且表面平整无破坏,胶结体具有较好的抗风蚀性能,可用作流动沙地的治理.      

溪流生态系统次生盐化的生态学研究进展

溪流次生盐化是人类活动干扰导致可溶性盐向水体迁移从而造成盐浓度异常增高的现象,由于干扰类型(如农业生产、河岸带植被破坏、采矿废水与污水排放等)的不同,溪流次生盐化呈现出溶解性无机离子组成复杂、盐浓度间歇性波动等特点. 已有研究发现:①溪流次生盐化会造成藻类、底栖动物和鱼类的群落结构产生变化,主要包括物种丰度、生物量、生物多样性、功能摄食类群等方面;②高盐环境对非耐盐物种产生胁迫从而降低其出现频率,敏感底栖动物会增加漂移行为以选择低盐环境,而敏感鱼类则消失;③耐盐物种应对高盐胁迫有不同策略,如卵胎生的产卵方式以减少在高盐环境中的时间,或拥有较强的渗透调节能力维持体内渗透平衡. 主要问题:①影响水生生物的可能是单一离子又或是离子组合,不同盐化水体所增加的离子类型及浓度都有很大差别,而要逐一探明单一离子及离子组合的影响需要巨大的工作量;②野外研究常以电导率或ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解性固体)表征盐化程度,而电导率或ρ(TDS)会改变有机污染物、重金属的生物毒性,也会与营养盐、悬浮物等因子产生交互作用,难以确定盐化对水生生物的独立影响. 因此,今后需关注全球变暖背景下次生盐化与营养盐、重金属的耦合作用,注重我国本土水生生物的耐受性及其适应调节机制,并重视基于野外调查与室内试验两类不同数据所获得水生生物适盐范围的对比验证;同时为满足水生生物健康保护,应加强对溪流次生盐化有指示作用的水质监测指标的开发及阈值的制订.      

无机盐对城市污泥堆肥处理中重金属Pb和Zn的形态影响研究

以沈北新区虎台镇污水处理厂剩余活性污泥作为研究对象,采用Tessier顺序浸提法浸提污泥中的重金属Pb和Zn,对其在堆肥过程中不同形态的变化规律以及无机盐对重金属稳定态的影响进行研究。结果表明:污泥中重金属Pb和Zn的含量均符合国家相关控制标准(GB 18918-2002和CJ248-2007);堆肥处理明显改变了污泥中重金属的形态分布,Pb与Zn的可交换态分别降低了31.15%和14.14%,残渣态分别增加12.79%和16.35%,显著地降低了重金属的生物有效性;分别向污泥中加入不同无机盐后堆肥,其重金属含量均有向稳定态转变的趋势。其中,加入碳酸铵的样品转变率最高,Pb与Zn的稳定态含量最高可达83.95%与81.13%。     

Experimental investigation of ash deposits on convection heating surfaces of a circulating fluidized bed municipal solid waste incinerator

Incineration of municipal solid waste(MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction, as well as a source of renewable energy.During MSW combustion, increased formation of deposits on convection heating exchanger surfaces can pose severe operational problems, such as fouling, slagging and corrosion.These problems can cause lower heat transfer efficiency from the hot flue gas to the working fluid inside the tubes. A study was performed where experiments were carried out to examine the ash deposition characteristics in a full-scale MSW circulating fluidized bed(CFB) incinerator, using a newly designed deposit probe that was fitted with six thermocouples and four removable half rings. The influence of probe exposure time and probe surface temperature(500, 560, and 700℃) on ash deposit formation rate was investigated. The results indicate that the deposition mass and collection efficiency achieve a minimum at the probe surface temperature of 560℃. Ash particles are deposited on both the windward and leeward sides of the probe by impacting and thermophoretic/condensation behavior. The major inorganic elements present in the ash deposits are Ca,Al and Si. Compared to ash deposits formed on the leeward side of the probe,windward-side ash deposits contain relatively higher Ca and S concentrations, but lower levels of Al and Si. Among all cases at different surface temperatures, the differences in elemental composition of the ash deposits from the leeward side are insignificant.However, as the surface temperature increases, the concentrations of Al, Si, K and Na in the windward-side ash deposits increase, but the Ca concentration is reduced. Finally,governing mechanisms are proposed on the basis of the experimental data, such as deposit morphology, elemental composition and thermodynamic calculations.