Assessing the toxicity of sodium chloride to the glochidia of freshwater mussels: implications for salinization of surface waters

Chloride concentrations in surface waters have increased significantly, a rise attributed to road salt use. In Canada, this may be a concern for endangered freshwater mussels, many with ranges limited to southern Ontario, Canada’s most road-dense region. The acute toxicity of NaCl was determined for glochidia, the mussel’s larval stage. The 24 h EC50s of four (including two Canadian endangered) species ranged from 113-1430 mg Cl L⁻¹ (reconstituted water, 100 mg CaCO₃ L⁻¹). To determine how mussels would respond to a chloride pulse, natural river water (hardness 278-322 mg CaCO₃ L⁻¹) was augmented with salt. Lampsilis fasciola glochidia were significantly less sensitive to salt in natural water (EC50s 1265-1559 mg Cl L⁻¹) than in reconstituted water (EC50 285 mg L⁻¹). Chloride data from mussel habitats revealed chloride reaches levels acutely toxic to glochidia (1300 mg L⁻¹). The increased salinization of freshwater could negatively impact freshwater mussels, including numerous species at risk.     

Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: variation in sensitivity among species

Stormwater ponds have become common features of modern development and often represent significant amounts of open space in urbanized areas. Although stormwater ponds may provide habitat for wildlife, factors responsible for producing variation in wildlife use of ponds have received limited attention. To investigate the role of variation in species tolerances of pollutants in structuring pond-breeding amphibian assemblages, we exposed species tolerant (Bufo americanus) and not tolerant (Rana sylvatica) of urbanization to pond sediments in laboratory microcosms. Pond microcosms had elevated sediment metal levels and chloride water concentrations. Among R. sylvatica embryos, exposure to pond sediments resulted in 100% mortality. In contrast, B. americanus embryos and larvae experienced only sublethal effects (i.e., reduced size at metamorphosis) due to pond sediment exposure. Our results suggest variation in pollutant tolerance among early developmental stages of amphibians may act in concert with terrestrial habitat availability to structure amphibian assemblages associated with stormwater ponds.     

Sources,distribution, and decomposition stages of sedimentary organic matter in estuaries and its adjacent areas

Lignin-derived phenols, C/N ratios and ratios of refractory to total organic matter were used to study the sources, distribution, and diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter along estuary, river bank, and salt marsh systems. The Changjiang Estuary showed a higher signal of terrestrial organic matter at the river mouth which decreased farther offshore. The locations along the Qiantang River were affected by their adjacent surroundings, and the Andong salt marsh showed higher terrestrial organic matter signal at the upper marsh compared to the lower marsh. All studied areas showed slight increases in organic matter decomposition farther downstream and towards the sea. Study of these three different systems will improve our understanding on their ecotoxicological impact. The Changjiang Estuary had higher pollutant levels near the river mouth, which decreased farther offshore due to dilution. The midstream Qiantang River was most likely affected by pollution from their adjacent surroundings. Pollutants were likely to be accumulated in the Andong salt marsh due to the presence of marsh plants and small-sized particles. Organic pollutants were likely to be decomposed during transport along the systems. The ability of the sediments to release inorganic pollutants was determined by whether these systems were oxic or anoxic.     

超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水

采用超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水,优化了工艺条件,并进行了尾水处理与盐分回收。实验结果表明:在超声声能密度0.08 W/mL、吹脱气量2 000 L/h、次氯酸钠溶液(有效氯10%)投加量15mL/L、反应时间20 min的最优条件下,COD、氨氮和肼类物质去除率分别达到96.97%、99.02%和96.60%,处理成本约为30元/t(以废水计);尾水经蒸馏处理后可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级B标准,回收NaCl纯度为98.92%,达到GB/T 5462—2015《工业盐》的精制工业盐一级标准。     

中空纤维膜超滤聚丙烯酸钠溶液

研究聚丙烯酸钠（PAAS）溶液的超滤行为,考察各操作参数对膜通量（J）和截留系数（R）的影响,结果表明,J随运行时间延长衰减不明显,随压差增大呈线性递增,随温度升高而增大,pH高于5时J基本不变;R随压差增大或温度升高均下降,随pH增大而增大。建立膜阻力（rf）模型,研究影响rf的主要因素,发现,rf随压差增大而增大,随温度升高而减少,pH低于5时rf随pH增大而迅速下降。研究PAAS溶液浓缩过程,当体积浓缩因子为16时,J衰减明显,截留液PAAS浓度（Cr）呈线性递增,渗透液PAAS浓度（Cp）在较长时期内基本不变,至浓缩后期,Cp轻微下降。以去离子水对浓缩液予以洗涤,随着洗涤液体积增大,Cr轻微下降,Cp逐渐趋于零。     

离子膜烧碱中盐泥的危害分析及控制对策

通过对离子膜烧碱企业盐泥的组分及浸出毒性进行分析,可判断盐泥不属于危险废物,其环境管理的重点在减量化和综合利用2个方面。目前中国盐泥主要的处置方式以堆存或填埋为主,大多数综合利用途径尚无法实现工业化,部分途径存在一定的环境风险。为消除盐泥带来的环境风险,从源头控制和工艺过程控制等方面提出了盐泥管理对策。     

纳滤处理炼化污水反渗透浓水

分别采用4种纳滤膜处理某炼化公司的反渗透浓水。在初始COD为57.8 mg/L、TOC为23.94 mg/L、ρ(Ca2+)为289.0 mg/L、ρ(Mg2+)为54.6 mg/L、ρ(SO42-)为327.7 mg/L、ρ(Cl-)为1 106.8 mg/L的条件下,经纳滤处理后COD去除率达60%以上,污水COD降至30 mg/L以下,TOC去除率为31.9%~85.5%,阳离子的去除率为33.9%~97.0%,SO42-的去除率为63.3%~97.6%,Cl-的去除率较低。膜A的膜孔分布密集,具有很高的通量,对有机物和无机盐的截留效果较差;膜B和膜C对有机物和二价离子的截留效果较好;膜D的膜孔分布稀松,膜通量最低,对有机物和无机盐的截留能力均较强,但随出水体积的增加,对无机盐的截留能力下降较为明显。4种纳滤膜的性能各异,可满足不同企业的需求,具有良好的应用前景。     

重金属螯合剂TMT-15处理高含汞气田废水

选用重金属螯合剂TMT-15处理高含汞气田废水(COD=1 560 mg/L,SS=210 mg/L,pH=2.5~3.0,汞质量浓度为340 mg/L),考察了TMT-15投加量,废水pH,与氢氧化物、硫化物联用等因素对汞去除效果的影响,分析了TMT-15与汞的螯合产物的稳定性。实验结果表明:TMT-15能与汞强力螯合并沉淀,投加量低,pH适用范围广;絮凝剂聚合硫酸铝与TMT-15的联用可提高除汞效果,但作用有限;TMT-15与氢氧化物联用时的汞的去除效果提升显著,在氢氧化钠、三聚硫氰酸、汞元素的摩尔比为0.5:0.5:1和废水pH为3.0的条件下,汞去除率可达99.99%,剩余汞浓度低于GB 8978—1996中规定的汞排放浓度;螫合产物具有很高的热稳定性,且在较高浓度的酸碱环境中溶解率低,对环境造成二次污染的风险小。     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理,研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响,并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min,盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高,气体有机物的产生速率越快,相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段,初始阶段有机物气化速率较小,中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加,最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时,会发生一定的化学反应,有微量的新物质生成。     

秸秆黑碳的制备及吸附特性

基于前期实验确定在氮气保护3种温度(550、650和750℃)制备秸秆黑碳,并用XRD、SEM对其结构、形貌进行了表征,研究它对吡唑酮废水中铵盐吸附去除效果.结果表明,650℃秸秆黑碳改变了晶体的有序度和结晶度,断面微孔道分布疏松均匀规则,具有较大的比表面积,而且有一定数量的纳米级黑碳颗粒;它的吸附特性优于750℃和550℃的秸秆黑碳,吸附率最高为95.31％;650℃秸秆黑碳最佳吸附工艺:吸附温度和饱和时间分别为35℃和4h,吸附振荡频率为100r/min.秸秆黑碳的吸附速率快、适用条件宽是处理铵盐废水的良好材料.