控制星湖内源性营养物质磷负荷的有效性研究

本文研究了天然沸石与石灰,铝盐,铁盐对湖水－沉积物系统中的湖水脱磷的可能性,以期在对星湖内源性营养物质磷负荷的控制方面提供科学依据。     

松花湖水体营养物质动态变化及成因分析

对松花湖1989～1997年省控断面监测数据的统计分析发现,水中营养物质年际变化幅度较大,并引起近年来该湖水质的变化。经调查和实测数据表明,雨量及其他条件相同情况下,不同坡度和不同地面覆盖是影响水体中营养物质变化的主要因素。      

改性生物质材料对地表水中残余草甘膦异丙胺盐的吸附

有效处理农药残留引起的水环境污染问题是提升河湖水质的关键.采用浸渍法将Fe和Al双金属复合至花生壳粉末,成功制备改性生物质材料（Fe-Al-PS）,用于吸附水环境中残留的草甘膦异丙胺盐除草剂.Fe-Al-PS对10 mg·L^-1的草甘膦异丙胺盐在吸附剂用量和吸附时间分别为0.14 g和10 min时达到吸附平衡,去除率分别稳定在99.9 %和99.6 %.吸附过程遵循伪二级动力学和Freundlich吸附等温模型,属于多分子层化学吸附.Fe-Al-PS在较宽的pH（2~11）范围内对草甘膦异丙胺盐的去除率均大于95 %.热力学结果表明吸附是自发的放热过程.Fe-Al-PS材料易得、合成简便且能耗低,具有较高的抗干扰能力和可重复利用性,不仅可用于实际水体中草甘膦异丙胺盐除草剂的有效去除,还可用于无机磷的去除.     

中国海岸湿地环境特点与开发利用

海岸湿地是由低地、滩涂与生物群落组合的海岸环境。中国海岸湿地环境受季风波浪、潮汐与大河影响的河海交互作用为特征,地跨39个纬度带,其面积约占中国湿地总面积的1/5。按成因与表相可分为：河口芦苇、草滩湿地,平原海岸草滩盐沼湿地及在华南隐蔽港湾顶部红树林沼泽湿地3种类型。均具有潮上带、潮间带与潮下带分带特性。海岸湿地是珍贵的新生空间资源,但由于滥伐垦殖、外来生物种属入侵危害、陆源水沙减少及海平面上升招致海岸侵蚀、盐潮入侵与内涝频繁等灾害影响,海岸湿地环境质量下降,面临着解决海岸湿地生态保护与沿海人民生计这一新生矛盾问题。需沿流域进行陆海结合的系统研究与对比总结,找出湿地保护与开发的临界度,全面规划实施。     

Inorganic pollution in water—the analyst's viewpoint†

Inorganic pollution comprises both major and minor constituents, although only 12 chemical elements may be considered major components. Twenty‐eight elements constitute a group of common minor elements and an additional 13 elements comprise a group of less common minor constituents. Reliable quantitative data are required on the occurrence of these substances in a wide variety of water types, usually at extremely low concentrations. The analysis of standard reference water samples provides information on the overall reliability of water‐quality data. Although most major constituents may be determined with acceptable reliability, determinations of certain minor constituents lack comparable precision; for example, determinations of boron, nickel, and chromium. Few precision data are available on the determination of the less common trace elements. Several comparatively new analytical techniques, such as flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, voltammetry, and emission spectroscopy with plasma excitation, appear capable of providing improved sensitivity.     

有机膨润土吸附水中有机物的盐效应及其机理

实验室模拟研究了一系列双阳离子有机膨润土对水中不同浓度的对硝基苯酚的吸附性能.结果表明,土样有机碳含量越高,对硝基苯酚初始浓度越低,有机膨润土对其吸附性能越好.试验了多种无机盐对有机膨润土吸附性能的影响,发现盐效应与离子荷径比和膨润土改性表面活性剂有关.无机盐阳离子相同时,盐效应与阴离子荷径比成反比;无机盐阴离子相同时,与阳离子荷径比成正比.单阳离子有机膨润土的盐效应呈负效应,长短碳链比例相当的双阳离子有机膨润土的盐效应呈正效应.     

生物处理含盐污水的盐抑制动力学

生物处理含盐污水时,由于无机盐对生物系统的影响,常常会导致低的有机物去除速率和去除效率。为了定量盐度对有机物生物去除的影响,研究生物处理含盐污水的盐抑制动力学,为具体设计含盐污水生物处理过程提供依据。试验采用间歇活性污泥法,对含盐污水的有机物降解速率和去除效率进行了研究。为了获得基本数据,首先研究了淡水环境下的基质降解动力学,然后对10~35g/L盐度环境分别进行试验。试验发现,盐度对生物处理系统的抑制属于非竞争模式,同时影响了最大降解速率和饱和常数。试验确定的盐抑制常数KY为2333mg/L,并进一步给出了各盐度下有机物降解速率方程。     

海盐工业废渣的综合利用

采用一定的工艺方法,提纯海盐工业废渣中的二水硫酸钙,并制取建筑石膏,用以代替天然石膏生产轻质墙体材料（石膏空心条板）以及水泥添加剂等系列石膏建材制品,经测试,这些石膏建材产品的技术性能指标均达到国家规定的相关标准。     

INFLUENCE OF BATHYMETRIC CHANGES ON HYDRODYNAMICS AND SALT INTRUSION IN ESTUARINE SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A vertical (laterally integrated) two‐dimensional numerical model has been applied to study the hydrodynamic characteristics and salt water intrusion in the Tanshui River estuarine system. The cross‐sectional profiles measured in 1978 and 1994 are schematized for model simulations. Detailed model calibration and verification have been conducted with water surface elevations, tidal current, salinity distributions, and residual velocities measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to study how hydrodynamics and salt water intrusion change in response to changes in bathymetry. The model simulations indicate that more tidal energy propagates into the estuarine system in 1994 because of the substantial increase in river cross‐sections. The limits of salt intrusion in 1994 extended farther inland than those in 1978. On the other hand, the extent of mangrove wetland in the lower estuary has increased over the past 20 years and is likely a result of the increased salinity in the estuary.     

Study on the simultaneous reduction of methylmercury by SnCl2 when analyzing inorganic Hg in aqueous samples

Mercury (Hg) is among the most concerned contaminants in the world. It has three major chemical forms in the environment, including Hg⁰, Hg^2 +, and methylmercury (MeHg). Due to their differences in toxicity, mobility, and bioavailability, speciation analysis is critical for understanding Hg cycling and fate in the environment. SnCl₂ reduction-atomic fluorescence spectrometry detection is the most commonly used method for analyzing inorganic Hg. However, it should be noted that MeHg may also be reduced by SnCl₂, which would result in the overestimation of inorganic Hg. In this study, the reduction of MeHg by SnCl₂ in both de-ionized (DI) water and four natural waters was investigated. The results showed that MeHg could be reduced by SnCl₂ in DI water whereas this reaction was hard to occur in tested natural waters. By investigating the effects of water chemical characteristics (dissolved organic matter, pH and common anions and cations) on this reaction, SO₄^2 ? was identified to be the dominant factor prohibiting SnCl₂ induced MeHg reduction in natural waters. SO₄^2 ? in natural waters was evidenced to be reduced to S^2 ? by SnCl₂ and the generated S^2 ? can complex with MeHg to form MeHgS^? which is hard to be reduced by SnCl₂. Findings of this study indicate that the effect of MeHg reduction by SnCl₂ on inorganic Hg analysis is negligible in natural waters; however, at simulated experimental systems without SO₄^2 ?, SO₄^2 ? should be added as protecting agents to prevent MeHg reduction when analyzing inorganic Hg if it would not cause any other unwanted effects.