水合物法海水淡化脱盐效率研究

采用水合物生成装置分别加入二氧化碳和甲烷气体通过水合物法进行2组海水淡化实验。每组实验分别提取3次不同反应时间的水合物晶体,检测水合物中Na+、Mg2+、K+、Ca2+、B3+的离子浓度。结果表明:CH4水合物形成过程中,盐离子的脱盐效率与离子半径和所带电荷量呈线性相关性。CO2水合物生成实验中,由于Ca2+与CO2-3反应生成Ca CO3颗粒,故Ca2+离子浓度变化与离子半径和电荷量呈非线性关系。同时提出更全面的水合物法海水淡化中盐离子的排斥机制。较于反渗透传统方法,水合物法具有脱硼效果好的优势。     

互花米草入侵盐沼湿地CH4和N2O排放日变化特征研究

甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）是导致全球气候变暖的2种重要温室气体,探索其源汇及地域排放特征一直是全球变化研究领域的核心内容。CH4和N2O通量的日变化研究是正确估算大时间尺度下CH4和N2O排放量的基础。利用静态箱法原位观测了江苏沿海芦苇（Phragmites australis）、盐蒿（Suada salsa）、光滩、水面以及互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵湿地CH4和N2O排放的日变化特征。结果表明,1）互花米草湿地地上部生物量为1.70 kg·m^-2,土壤有机碳质量分数为13.55 g·kg^-1;分别是芦苇和盐蒿湿地的2.50-3.43和2.15-4.15倍。2）互花米草和芦苇湿地土壤10 cm处氧化还原电位（Eh）有明显日变化,最低值出现在3：00,最高值出现在12：00;光滩和盐蒿湿地没有明显的日变化。3）互花米草湿地 CH4日平均排放通量为0.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1,是其他湿地的2.12-6.40倍;N2O日平均通量为-3.24μg·m^-2·h^-1,显著低于盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面（P＜0.05）。互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4排放通量最高值（0.73 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.30 mg·m^-2·h^-1）出现在15：00,最低值（0.37 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.17 mg·m^-2·h^-1）出现在3：00,均与土壤孔隙水中CH4浓度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。互花米草湿地CH4排放通量与10 cm土温、Eh和生态系统CO2净交换量（NEE）显著正相关（P＜0.05）。互花米草和芦苇湿地N2O通量9：00-18：00为负值,21：00—6：00为正值,均与NEE呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面CH4和N2O排放通量没有明显日变化特征。互花米草入侵提高了沿海湿地CH4排放,但降低了N2O排放,植物对CH4传输作用以及向根际传输O2和易分解有机物是导致互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4和N2O排放表现出日变化特征的原因。     

Smoke alleviates adverse effects induced by stress on rice

Smoke and salinity are environmental hazards. Smoke produced DNA damage, inflammatory, and oxidative stress in humans while salinity reduced plant yield. However, smoke from plants is beneficial towards plant growth. In this study, smoke of two plants, Buhania varegata (1:1000 and 1:5000 dilutions (v/v)) and Cymbopogon jwarancusa (1:500 and 1:1000), were used to determine effects on different physiological and biochemical parameters in rice Basmati-385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati under different saline concentrations (control: 50, 100, and 150 mM). With increasing salinity, germination%, seedling growth, K⁺, Ca⁺, cell membrane stability, and total nitrogen and protein contents were decreased while Na⁺ content increased. However, seeds primed with different dilution of smoke significantly diminished the adverse effects of salinity and shown to produce positive responses in all of the above parameters. The most effective dilutions were 1:5000 for Buhania varegata and C-500 for Cymbopogon jwarancusa. It seems that priming with plant smoke solution is a potent stimulant for plant growth exerting a significant role in physiology and biochemistry of rice plants under saline condition.     

Testicular DNA synthesis inhibition—an in vivo system for the detection of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals

By binding covalently to DNA chemical mutagens and carcinogens inhibit replication, which can be measured as a decrease in thymidine incorporation into DNA. This DNA synthesis inhibition (DSI) has been determined in testicular cells of mice for a large number of compounds and has been found to correlate very well with their known mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.

Not only could this test give a qualitative answer about potential carcinogenicity or mutagenicity, but, with regard to its in vivo characteristics, could furthermore give an indication of the carcinogenic and mutagenic potency and thus be of use in the risk evaluation of chemical substances; the relationship between the DNA synthesis inhibition and the underlying alkylation of guanine ‐0⁶ by different methylating agents is demonstrated.

As toxic effects decrease thymidine incorporation, too, means are discussed for distinguishing between “true”;, mutagenic, and “false”;, cytotoxic, DNA synthesis inhibition.

In conclusion, the implications of including the DSI‐test in a battery of mutagenicity tests are outlined.     

Uncertainty analysis of a pharmacokinetic modeling for inorganic arsenic

This paper presents an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a pharmacokinetic modeling of inorganic arsenic deposition in rodents for a short‐term exposure. Efforts to develop the pharmacokinetic model are directed towards predicting the kinetic behavior of inorganic arsenic in the body, including tissue and blood concentrations, and especially, the urinary excretion of arsenic and its methylated metabolites. However, the use of the model raises an important question when fixed values of model parameters are used: how is the uncertainty in the model prediction based on the collective uncertainties in the model inputs? This study focuses on an “epistemic”; uncertainty in order to handle this problem. In this case, the uncertainty refers to an input that has a single value which cannot be known with precision due to a lack of knowledge about items or its measurement. The combination of the pharmacokinetic model and the uncertainty analysis would help understand the uncertainties in risk assessment associated with inorganic arsenic.     

土默川平原不同盐渍化土壤酶活性特征的研究

为探讨土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性的特征,选取轻度、中度、重度盐渍化土壤为对象,采用滴定法、比色法研究了0～40 cm土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶4种酶活性不同季节的变化特征。结果表明:随盐渍化程度加剧,4种酶活性均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,蔗糖酶活性变化在0.65～36.55 mg·g-1、过氧化氢酶活性变化在2.76～3.35 mL·g-1、脲酶活性变化在0.003～0.018 mg·g-1、碱性磷酸酶活性变化在0.10～0.98 mg·g-1;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶随土层加深酶活性降低,而过氧化氢酶活性表现为20～40 cm土层高于0～20 cm;不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性的季节性变化趋势不同,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的季节性变化呈先升高后下降的趋势,脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的季节性变化呈先升高后下降再升高再下降的趋势,碱性磷酸酶随时间的推移酶活性逐渐上升,且土壤酶活性出现峰值也不同,蔗糖酶和脲酶出现在8月,过氧化氢酶出现在7月,碱性磷酸酶出现在9月;不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性在一个生长季内变化幅度表现为轻度>中度>重度盐渍化;不同盐渍化土壤碱性磷酸酶与脲酶、蔗糖酶活性呈极显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈极显著负相关,蔗糖酶与脲酶活性呈极显著正相关。因此,土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性及其季节性变化差异显著,土壤盐分含量影响着该地区土壤酶活性的变化。     

十一镍锆钼杂多酸盐的合成、表征及超声强化降解染料废水

采用水溶液合成法制备了具有Keggin型结构的十一镍锆钼杂多酸盐Na6[Ni（Mo11ZrO39）].20H2O（NiZrMo）,并对其进行表征及分析.元素分析表明,镍锆钼之间的物质的量之比满足1∶1∶11的关系;热重/差热分析说明合成的杂多酸盐具有比较好的热稳定性并带有20个结晶水;红外光谱、X射线衍射及紫外光谱表征充分表明合成的杂多酸盐其阴离子仍保持Keggin型结构;扫描电镜分析表明,具有比较好的大分子化合物的基本特征和比较规则的晶体结构.以NiZrMo杂多酸盐为催化剂降解酸性绿B（AGB）染料废水,降解率最高可达95.72%.     

民勤绿洲天然胡杨林生长季土壤水盐动态

利用经典统计学与地统计学方法研究民勤绿洲天然胡杨林生长季的土壤水盐动态变化规律。结果表明,民勤县双茨科乡和苏武乡土壤含水量随土层深度增加而增大,夹河乡土壤含水量则随土层深度增加先增大后减小。研究区0～20 cm土壤含水量较低,为8.5～34.0 g.kg-1,平均值为18.2 g.kg-1。土壤含水量属中等变异性,且呈中等程度的空间相关性。各季节土壤含水量从高到低依次为春季、秋季和夏季。土壤全盐量属中等变异性,总体变化趋势为随土层深度增加而减小,夹河、苏武和双茨科乡0～20 cm土壤全盐量平均值分别为15.4、28.0和11.1 g.kg-1。各季节土壤全盐量由高到低依次为春季、夏季和秋季。胡杨胸径与土壤水盐含量间呈负相关。     

离子交换膜应用于光/电/化学协同催化反应器

在光/电/化学协同催化反应器中,以离子交换膜代替盐桥连通阴、阳两室,以30 mg/L的甲基红溶液为目标降解物,考察了不同连通方式、初始pH和阴极电位对反应的影响. 结果表明:甲基红在阳离子膜型反应器中的表观反应速率常数明显高于盐桥型及阴离子交换膜型反应器,这是由于阳离子交换膜可以及时有效地将阳极室中产生的H+转移至阴极室中参与阴极反应. 甲基红在阳离子膜型反应器中的去除率随溶液初始pH的增高而降低,随阴极电位的增加先增大后减小,最佳反应条件为pH=2.0～3.0,阴极电位(-E_c)=0.6 V.      

三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价

为了解三峡大坝蓄水完成之后香溪河库湾水体及沉积物中氮、磷的分布状况以及沉积物污染水平,2013年4月对三峡水库香溪河库湾进行调查采样,测定表层水及沉积物中氮磷含量和形态组成。结果表明,香溪河库湾表层水总磷(TP)含量范围为0.20~0.51 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)含量范围为0.54~2.25 mg·L~(-1),TP主要由磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))组成,TN主要由硝酸盐(NO_3~-)以及氨氮(NH_4~+)组成,TP在空间上呈现从河口向库尾逐渐升高的分布格局,TN分布从河口向库尾逐渐降低。香溪河库湾沉积物中TP含量变化范围为642~1 189 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量变化范围为867~1 718 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量分布呈现上游高下游低,沉积物TN分布趋势呈现中间高,两头低。沉积物中TP主要由无机磷(IP)组成,有机磷(OP)所占比例较小,其中IP由钙磷(Ca-P)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)组成,三者含量:Ca-POPFe/Al-P,且沉积物TP含量空间变化受到三者影响(P0.05)。采用单一因子标准指数法对香溪河库湾沉积物中TN、TP污染水平进行评价,结果表明,表层沉积物中TN、TP最低级别污染指数平均值为2.0和1.6,表层沉积物中TN、TP污染指数均超过最低污染水平,且TP的严重级别污染指数达到0.5以上。三峡水库三期蓄水完成以后,香溪河库湾表层水体中氮磷含量较初期蓄水有所升高,各样点沉积物中氮磷含量表现出相同的趋势,沉积物中不稳定磷释放对水体富营养化具有影响,香溪河库湾的表层沉积物已经受到一定的污染,磷污染水平较高。