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61.
Leontine Visser 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(2):145-148
‘Integration’ was one of the most frequently used words at the San Feliu Euroconference but the participants did not always use it in the same way. Integration is one of the key notions discussed in the subsequent papers bySalz, Green &; Penning-Rowsell, Köhn &; Gowdy andDavos. A short introduction to these papers is presented, where some of the views expressed by the authors are compared with related conceptions which can be found in social sciences literature. 相似文献
62.
Maria Lourdes M. Lagarde 《Natural resources forum》2006,30(2):111-123
National sustainable development strategies (NSDSs) play a vital role in pursuing sustainable development (SD) at the country level. These strategies help in clarifying priorities and in focusing efforts to more effectively address relevant SD issues. Since its establishment in 1992, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development has urged its members to formulate and implement their respective NSDS. The Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 (1997) provided a more aggressive push to this advocacy by setting 2002 as the deadline for the formulation of NSDS while the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (2002) targeted 2005 as the year by which all countries should have started implementing such strategies. Many countries have heeded this call, albeit the strategies have taken a variety of forms: some took the route of formulating National Agenda 21s (as in the Philippine case), while others built on existing national environmental action plans, poverty strategies, sustainability plans, so‐called green plans, policy statements, or legal frameworks. The UN/DESA crafted some guidelines for NSDS formulation but, and rightly so, countries are given freedom of choice as to the scope, substance and form best suited to their own unique circumstances. As varied as the formats of these strategies turned out, so too were the processes that were adopted in their formulation. All these elements could reflect varying degrees of understanding and differing perspectives about the nature of sustainable development and how the concept could be made operational. Consequently, such an understanding could ultimately define a country's success in mainstreaming and achieving sustainable development. In this connection, it would be worthwhile examining how an NSDS has actually played out its role in the national pursuit of sustainable development. Are there creative insights, lessons or guidelines that can be drawn from practical, countrywide experience in NSDS formulation and implementation? What are the emerging challenges and problematic areas in using an NSDS as an instrument for integrating sustainable development in mainstream decision‐making? Are there nascent considerations that could be useful in developing design parameters for NSDS? This paper explores the foregoing questions in the Philippine context, given its decade‐long experience in implementing its NSDS, the Philippine Agenda 21 (PA 21). In so doing, it hopes to distill potentially valuable perspectives that can inform UNCSD and country‐level efforts at crafting, refining and mainstreaming national strategies for sustainable development. 相似文献
63.
Elisabeth N. Bui Gary J. HancockScott N. Wilkinson 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):136-149
This paper reviews water-borne soil erosion in Australia in the context of current environmental policy needs. Sustainability has emerged as a central tenet of environmental policy in Australia and water-borne hillslope soil erosion rates are used as one of the indicators of agricultural sustainability in State of the Environment reporting. We review attempts to quantify hillslope erosion rates over Australia and we identify areas at risk of exceeding natural baseline rates. We also review historical definitions of sustainable, or ‘tolerable’ erosion rates, and how to set these rates. There are many ways to estimate hillslope erosion and these can create confusing results. Moreover their application for land management purposes requires nuanced interpretations that ultimately depend on the desired objective of decision-makers. Soil is the earth surficial material that serves as a medium for plant growth and the notion of tolerable soil erosion arose historically to assess the impact of soil loss on agricultural uses. However now that the impact of erosion on aquatic ecosystems been recognized as a major concern for Australia, the concept of tolerable erosion needs to be revised. Here we discuss three definitions of tolerable soil erosion, following recent literature. We derive estimates of long-term agricultural sustainability based on natural soil production rates and discuss this in relation to other defined land-management objectives such as aquatic ecosystem health. We conclude that the desired objectives of land managers must be clearly articulated before questions of ‘where to invest to control erosion’ and ‘how to assess return-on-investment’ can be answered. 相似文献
64.
Toronto is among the fastest-growing urban regions in North America. Regional efforts to preserve rural landscapes and remnant
habitat have had variable success. In the 1990s, significant conflict emerged over proposals to build large housing developments
on portions of the Oak Ridges Moraine, a 160-km stretch of environmentally sensitive land along the city’s northern edge.
After years of planning conflict, Ontario’s provincial government created the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan, an Act
of the Ontario Legislature. The Plan represents a dramatic change in Ontario’s approach to conservation planning. We examine
the development and implementation of the Conservation Plan as an example of environmental planning policy in a complex urban
setting. Data from interviews with policy actors, planning agency documents, and geospatial sources are used to construct
an analysis and discussion of the Plan and its implementation. From a policy research perspective, the evolution and implementation
of the Plan require analysis and monitoring to better understand how such approaches can best be implemented. The Conservation
Plan marks a change in policy in Ontario, and the implementation process highlights challenges in putting conservation plans
into practice. 相似文献
65.
Researchers attempting to integrate socio-economic data in watershed planning often draw on nationally collected census data. However, there are critical limitations to the usefulness of this type of data for decision makers operating at the watershed scale. In this paper we demonstrate the relevance of spatially referenced socio-economic data collected using mail surveys to random selections of rural landholders. The issue explored was dryland salinity management in two large watersheds in the Murray-Darling Basin of south-eastern Australia. Contrary to the assumptions underlying public policy in Australia, but consistent with the literature on farmer knowledge, comparisons of expert maps and landholder identified salinity sites suggested that landholders in these watersheds had excellent knowledge of the current extent of salinity on their property. Our research also suggested that salinity education was a sound investment by governments. At the same time, the expert maps failed to predict half of the saline affected sites identified by landholders. Accurately mapping the extent of salinity would seem a first step in addressing this nationally significant land degradation issue. 相似文献
66.
J. A. Dearing R. W. Battarbee R. Dikau I. Larocque F. Oldfield 《Regional Environmental Change》2006,6(1-2):115-123
Leaders of the PAGES Focus 5 programme ‘Past Ecosystem Processes and Human–Environment Interactions’ identify key issues for
research on human–environment interactions for wider discussion. These include the need for long-term perspectives, the opportunities
for maximising palaeoenvironmental research, the need for integration and regionalisation and the challenge of developing
dynamic simulation models. A new organisational matrix for regional studies is outlined, based on a series of zonal/azonal
regions and on the degree of human impact. Future priorities for palaeoenvironmental research include new studies in degraded
human-dominated landscapes, highly-valued ecosystems and sites relevant to other IGBP Core Projects. Simulation of future
human–environment interactions using modelling approaches that have been tested against long records lags behind global climate
modelling, but cellular approaches for biogeophysical and multi-agent systems show promise. 相似文献
67.
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69.
Karla R. Armenti Rafael Moure-ErasoCraig Slatin Ken Geiser 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(5):488-497
Worker health and safety and environmental protection are not always considered simultaneously when attempting to reduce or eliminate hazardous materials from our environment. Cleaner Production-Pollution Prevention (CPPP), as primary prevention, has the ability to shift worker health and safety strategies from control to prevention, where exposure prevention precedes exposure control. This paper evaluates the effect of Cleaner Production-Pollution Prevention in the form of toxics use reduction (TUR) on worker health and safety at three printed wire board facilities covered under the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act. In-depth case study analysis, including an assessment of each facility’s health and safety status, explores the root causes of the worker health and safety changes attributable to the TUR interventions. By exploring the relationship between worker health and safety and environmental protection within the corporate structure; we can identify the factors driving companies to reduce toxics both inside and outside of their plants, as a single concern.While traditionally there have been divergent paths of practice for worker health and safety and environmental protection, the two are closely connected. It is important, however, to consider the implications of risk transfer/shifting between the general and work environment. In order to avoid this risk shifting, worker health and safety perspectives and goals must be more clearly incorporated into the Cleaner Production-Pollution Prevention/TUR management system. This study opens a dialog around the effects of environmental intervention programs on worker health and safety. We realize now that while CPPP/TUR reduces exposure to toxic substances in the general environment, it also offers unique opportunities to reaffirm primary prevention principles in the work environment. 相似文献
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