中国环境问题的历史变化

中国的环境问题历经古代、近代和现代三个发展阶段,现已成为制约中国现代化进程的障碍。古代,由于生产力低下,对自然环境的破坏相对较小,尚未从根本上威胁到国家的环境基础。近代,由于种种原因,自然环境和生态环境遭到了人为的破坏,引发了一系列生态环境危机。新中国成立后,计划经济时代,由于不合理的经济发展战略,使环境基础受到一定程度的破坏。改革开放后,粗放型的经济增长方式使环境的退化日益加剧,严重威胁到人民的生命和健康。跨入21世纪以来,由于中国政府对环境问题的高度重视,环境状况局部改善的范围日趋扩大。追溯历史,探究环境问题的产生和发展,对寻求实现经济发展与环境保护双赢的战略具有十分重要的意义。     

铁合金建设项目环评应关注的几个问题

根据铁合金建设项目环境影响评价工作中的不足,提出一些在铁合金建设项目环评中应注意的几个重要问题,以便在今后的环评工作中引起重视。     

循环流化床锅炉运行调整中的常见问题及改进措施

本文主要介绍了循环流化床运行时如何进行经济调整,对运行中出现的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的技术措施。     

中国水泥生产工艺的生命周期对比分析及建议

为了定量分析各种水泥生产工艺造成的环境影响以及工艺替代时可能造成的环境问题转移,采用生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,建立了大型、中型、小型新型干法、传统立窑、新型半干法(JT窑)5种典型水泥生产工艺从原材料开采到熟料生产的生命周期模型,对比分析了以上工艺生命周期过程中能耗、温室效应、酸化、可吸入无机物等主要环境影响类型的差异,提出并计算了大型新型干法替代其他工艺时的"平衡运输距离",并推导了其一般表达式.结果表明,由于大型新型干法工艺氮氧化物排放较多,使得工艺替代时可能伴随着环境问题从能耗、温室效应向酸化、可吸入无机物等影响类型转移;同时,由于产能增加,大型新型干法工艺也可能导致环境影响从生产阶段向运输阶段转移.从本文的案例研究可以看出,LCA方法可以定量分析不同环境影响类型之间和不同生命周期阶段之间的环境问题转移,能为技术评价和相关政策制定及实现全社会节能减排目标提供科学的依据与建议.     

生物质颗粒燃料在沈阳地区发展的制约因素和对策研究

阐述了沈阳市利用生物质能源的基本情况和推进生物质颗粒燃料的优势。分析了生物质颗粒燃料在沈阳市推广应用过程中存在的问题,针对这些问题提出了对策。     

污水处理工程实施过程中出现的问题及对策

提出了污水处理工程项目设计、实施、管理、验收工作中发现的问题,分析了问题出现的原因,提出了对策。     

新苏南模式中应对环境问题的路径选择

苏南模式固有的弊端所导致的＂村村点火、乡乡冒烟＂的经济格局导致了严重的环境问题。随着新苏南模式的诞生,环境问题有所改善,但仍然存在着固有的路径依赖。通过对原因的分析,可以发现,政府、企业与公众的共同参与是解决问题的关键,具体而言：一是转换政府角色,引入市场机制;二是公众主动参与,发展第三组织;三是企业积极参与,发展生态产业。     

Inhibition of rhythmic neural spiking by noise: the occurrence of a minimum in activity with increasing noise

The effects of noise on neuronal dynamical systems are of much current interest. Here, we investigate noise-induced changes in the rhythmic firing activity of single Hodgkin–Huxley neurons. With additive input current, there is, in the absence of noise, a critical mean value μ = μ _c above which sustained periodic firing occurs. With initial conditions as resting values, for a range of values of the mean μ near the critical value, we have found that the firing rate is greatly reduced by noise, even of quite small amplitudes. Furthermore, the firing rate may undergo a pronounced minimum as the noise increases. This behavior has the opposite character to stochastic resonance and coherence resonance. We found that these phenomena occurred even when the initial conditions were chosen randomly or when the noise was switched on at a random time, indicating the robustness of the results. We also examined the effects of conductance-based noise on Hodgkin–Huxley neurons and obtained similar results, leading to the conclusion that the phenomena occur across a wide range of neuronal dynamical systems. Further, these phenomena will occur in diverse applications where a stable limit cycle coexists with a stable focus.     

Real-time leak detection in oil pipelines using an Inverse Transient Analysis model

Based on Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) method, a real-time leak detection method is proposed to capture leak location and the associated leak rate in oil pipe conveyance systems. In the proposed approach, location and flow rate of leak (if any), the fluid properties, as well as physical parameters of the system, are calculated in consecutive periods through minimizing the discrepancy between the calculated and measured flow parameters of the system. The method of characteristics is employed to numerically calculate the transient responses of the system and the genetic algorithm is utilized as the optimization engine. The proposed approach was applied to several real pipeline systems in which the required transient flow data are either directly collected from the field or fabricated with a third-party numerical software. Extensive numerical explorations were conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method in real-time leak detection and to determine the extent to which field data errors, stemming from Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and measurement equipment, affect the leak flow rate and location detectability of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach provides promising results under a variety of transient and steady-state flow conditions even in the case with small leak flow rate of around 2% of the line rate. The results also reveal that the noises in the measurement data and the errors originated from SCADA systems do not significantly compromise the leak detectability of the proposed approach, confirming that the proposed approach can be utilized in practice.     

常态化疫情防控背景下区域应急医疗物资选址-分配模型*

在常态化疫情防控背景下,为避免本土病例造成区域不同需求主体防护物资短缺问题,构建最小化医院物资集散点需求未满足率加权和、最大化物资购买集中点分配公平性的储备库选址-分配模型,并基于某市相关数据,利用改进的非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）进行仿真研究。结果表明:某市应选择储备库数目为5,在物资分配时考虑物资防护等级要求,可减少医院物资集散点物资浪费,增加物资购买集中点获得量。