对我国空气自动监测热的思考

国家环保总局决定开展环境空气质量周报以来,在全国范围内引发新一轮上空气自动监测系统的热潮,环境监测站的装备得到了改善,环境监测的水平也提高了不少,但是在热潮中存在着一些隐患.就此提出一些看法和需要解决的问题.     

现行监测方法标准与监测技术规范中存在的问题与改进

研究与分析了现行有效的环境监测方法标准与监测技术规范,指出了一些较早颁布的环境监测方法标准如最经常使用的《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(GB 11914—1989)等存在的未明确给出检出限、测定下限(即未给出方法的定性、半定量以及定量监测范围)以及使用术语不统一、不规范等问题。研究发现,《地表水和污水监测技术规范》(HJ/T 91—2002)等监测技术规范普遍存在的最大缺陷是没有引入测定下限的概念,未考虑与规定半定量区间内的监测结果报出问题。此外,这些规范也存在着术语使用不统一、不规范的现象,且对于低于检出限的监测结果应如何报出与参与统计的规定存在不一致现象。研究列举了一些存在问题的环境监测方法标准和环境监测技术规范,对其进行剖析,揭示问题,并对其下一步的修改、完善提出建议。     

环境监测质量控制中水质标准物质应用问题的研究

对环境监测质量控制中水质标准物质的应用问题进行了分析和论述。分别从实验室分析测试标准、质量控制标准的不确定度、质量控制方式的选择以及实验分析的准确度和分析方法研究等方面,讨论了实验室质量控制过程中水质标准物质应用出现的误区和问题。对如何做好实验室分析的质量控制,从多个不同的方面介绍了在使用分析校准用标准物质及水质质量控制用标准物质过程中,如何避免或减少分析误差的方法和措施。同时对计量、质量控制的重要工具水质标准物质的正确使用以及标准物质的规范应用方面提出了相关建议。     

我国冶金行业安全生产的现状、问题及对策

近10年来冶金工业的发展带来了事故率的增长,重大事故一再发生,安全形势不容乐观.分析了冶金工业事故的特性和趋势,从监管角度出发,发现安全工作中存在的问题并提出建议和措施.     

New parameterization scheme for effective indices for emissions from road transport

The local to regional processes of chemical transformations, washout and dry deposition cannot be directly resolved in global scale models, they rather need to be parameterized. A suitable way to account for the non-linearity, e.g., in chemical transformation processes, is the use of effective emission indices (EEIs). EEI translate the actual (small scale) emissions into input for global scale models, partially accounting for unresolved processes occurring shortly after the release of the emissions.The emissions from the road traffic have some specifics, because of which the concept of deriving EEI from the interaction of an instantaneous plume with the ambient air is perhaps not so convenient. A new parameterization scheme for the EEI from the road transport is suggested in the present paper, based on few simplifying assumptions and introducing the adjoin equations approach, which makes it possible to achieve unified, not depending on the specific emission pattern, procedure for calculating the EEI from road traffic.     

Are network indices robust indicators of food web functioning? A Monte Carlo approach

Indices based on network theory are often used to describe food web functioning. These indices take as input food web flows that are estimated based on merging of (scarce) data with linear inverse methods (LIMs). Due to under sampling, most food webs are highly uncertain and can only be quantified within a specific uncertainty range. The linear inverse method (LIM) can estimate food web flows using a variety of techniques, e.g. the parsimonious or minimum norm (MN) solution, which selects one food web, based on a quadratic minimization technique or the Monte Carlo solution where a finitely many random solutions are generated which are then averaged. We use the Monte Carlo approach (MCA) to estimate the values of several indices from four published food webs, the Gulf of Riga for the autumn, summer and spring seasons, and the Takapoto atoll system. We first show that network indices are much better constrained than the uncertain food webs from which they are calculated. Therefore, even in the face of food web uncertainty, they are robust estimators of food web functioning. We then use the MCA-derived network indices to generate cumulative density functions for each index. These serve to compute the probabilities of the MN indices estimates being an extreme solution as compared to the median values. Our findings show that 82% of the MN solutions are smaller than the MCA solutions, and 63% of the network indices are significantly under-estimated.     

The effects of aggregation on the performance of the inverse method and indicators of network analysis

Food webs are usually aggregated into a manageable size for their interpretation and analysis. The aggregation of food web components in trophic or other guilds is often at the choice of the modeler as there is little guidance in the literature as to what biases might be introduced by aggregation decisions. We examined the impacts of the choice of the a priori model on the subsequent estimation of missing flows using the inverse method and on the indices derived from ecological network analysis of both inverse method-derived flows and on the actual values of flows, using the fully determined Sylt-Rømø Bight food web model. We used the inverse method, with the least squares minimization goal function, to estimate ‘missing’ values in the food web flows on 14 aggregation schemes varying in number of compartments and in methods of aggregation. The resultant flows were compared to known values; the performance of the inverse method improved with increasing number of compartments and with aggregation based on both habitat and feeding habits rather than diet similarity. Comparison of network analysis indices of inverse method-derived flows with that of actual flows and the original value for the unaggregated food web showed that the use of both the inverse method and the aggregation scheme affected indices derived from ecological network analysis. The inverse method tended to underestimate the size and complexity of food webs, while an aggregation scheme explained as much variability in some network indices as the difference between inverse-derived and actual flows. However, topological network indices tended to be most robust to both the method of determining flows and to the inverse method. These results suggest that a goal function other than minimization of flows should be used when applying the inverse method to food web models. Comparison of food web models should be done with extreme care when different methodologies are used to estimate unknown flows and to aggregate system components. However, we propose that indices such as relative ascendency and relative redundancy are most valuable for comparing ecosystem models constructed using different methodologies for determining missing flows or for aggregating system components.     

城乡结合解决府南河水质与水量问题的建议——把府南河建设成既是城市水景又是农灌水库的设想

本文通过对成都市府南河及都江堰灌溉系统的水资源利用现状分析,结合我国有关环保法规、水污染防治对策及工程实例,提出了城乡结合,把府南河建设成为既是城市水景又是农灌水库的建议,为解决成都市府南河水质污染与水量不足问题提出了一条新的途径。     

雷州半岛海涂资源的开发利用及其对策

雷州半岛是我国第三大半岛,海涂资源丰富,面积９９２万ｈａ,合理开发利用海涂资源是发展经济的重要途径。近年来海涂资源的开发利用取得了良好的经济效益,但存在许多问题,如缺乏统一管理、统一规划,开发项目不协调,利用率和利用水平较低,生态环境被破坏,海涂资源浪费严重等。本文提出的主要对策是完善管理体制,因地制宜,合理规划,突出重点项目,综合发展,增加资金和科技投入,提高利用水平,保护生态环境,协调发展     

浅析新疆平原水库的环境地质问题

文章从新疆平原水库的特点及其作用出发,阐明了平原水库较适宜新疆的自然地理和经济状况;同时也分析了平原水库存在的环境地质问题及其治理措施,并强调病险库治理的迫切性