燃煤电厂颗粒物中硫酸根与硝酸根离子的转化规律

燃煤电厂排放的颗粒物可以分为可凝结颗粒物（condensable particle matter,CPM）和可过滤颗粒物（filterable particle matter,FPM）.通过分析7个超低排燃煤电厂的湿法脱硫（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）进出口和湿电除尘（wet electrostatic precipitator,WESP）出口烟气中CPM和FPM的SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度,揭示了这2种典型水溶性离子在烟道内的变化规律与转化特征.结果表明在WFGD前后,CPM中的SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈降低趋势,其降低率范围分别为43.12%~86.84%和17.99%~91.58%,而FPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈增大趋势.在WESP前后,CPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈增大趋势,增长率范围分别为21.05%~424.65%和13.51%~298.37%,而FPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈减小趋势.在WFGD中,随着烟气温度降低和湿度增加,部分CPM会通过冷凝和团聚作用进一步转化为FPM;在WESP中,由于烟气一直处于低温、高湿的条件,烟气中存在的SO₂与NO₂会结合水蒸气发生氧化还原反应,进而经过协同作用促进CPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的生成.     

污染物浓度与土壤粒径对热脱附修复DDTs污染土壤的影响

采集2种不同性质的土壤(黑土和棕壤)作为供试土壤,自配不同污染浓度(棕壤)和不同粒径(黑土)的DDT及其同系物(即DDTs,包括p,p′-DDT,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDE)污染土壤,采用热脱附方法,分别对300 ℃,5个停留时间(10,20,30,40和50 min)下的DDTs总去除率及热处理前后各组分的脱附情况进行研究.结果表明,不同污染水平〔w(DDTs)分别为290.17,498.69和718.69 mg/kg〕的污染土壤中,DDTs的总去除率差异不显著.此外,在整个热处理过程中,污染水平对4种DDT及其同系物在土壤中的去除率也没有显著影响.而土壤粒径(0.25～0.85 mm,0.15～＜0.25 mm,＜0.15 mm)对DDTs的去除率影响显著,粒径越大的土壤越有利于DDTs脱附.单因素方差结果显示,粒径对土壤中p,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDE的脱附和转化有显著影响.      

泰山云雾水中多环芳烃的特征与来源分析

于2008年10月18日~11月26日在泰山采集云雾水样品,分析了泰山云雾水中PAHs的含量特征及其与气象条件和pH值、电导的相互关系.结果表明,泰山云雾水中菲含量最多,芴和苊的含量次之;云雾水样品中PAHs浓度与气温有很好的相关性.应用特征分子比值法和因子分析法对云雾水中PAHs的来源进行解析,得出泰山云雾水中PAHs的主要来源为煤炭燃烧源,石油源的贡献相对较小.     

硫酸介质中高锰酸钾氧化降解非离子表面活性剂Tween-80动力学研究

应用光谱法研究了硫酸介质中,高锰酸钾氧化降解非离子表面活性剂Tween-80(聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单油酸酯)的动力学性质,探讨了高锰酸钾和硫酸浓度,以及反应温度对氧化降解过程的影响,结果表明,氧化降解反应的速率常数(k)随着硫酸浓度的增大而增大,但却随着高锰酸钾浓度的增大而减小;温度对反应速率常数的影响,较好地遵循阿累尼乌斯公式.通过对反应混合物浊点变化的分析,说明了非离子表面活性剂Tween-80分子中存在活性较高的氧乙烯结构单元,是其被高锰酸钾氧化降解的根本原因.     

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的源解析新算法

针对现有单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的颗粒物快速来源解析方法不能提供基于质量浓度单位源解析结果的问题,提出一种新型单颗粒快速源解析算法ArtPMF.选择淮河平原某能源工业城市2021年2～3月的单颗粒质谱监测数据对ArtPMF算法进行应用.结果表明监测期间二次源、工业源、机动车尾气源、燃煤源、扬尘源、生物质燃烧源和烟花燃放源对...     

Alveolar Macrophage (AM) Mobility Reduction as a Result of Long-Term Exposure to High Dust Concentration in Inhaled Air

The influence of high concentration of insoluble particles in inhaled air on the alveolar macrophage (AM) mobility is analyzed. Kinetics of phagocytosis and the mobility of AM as a function of overloading is proposed. Three patterns of AM displacement on the surface of alveolus are distinguished depending on the loading of the surface with insoluble deposits, namely, directional being a result of surfactant activity, directional with a chemotactic bias, and purely random. The exit time of AM from alveolus under overloading is calculated.     

基于云模型的城轨信号系统安全保障能力评价方法*

为准确评价城轨信号系统安全保障能力及影响因素,基于云理论对定性与定量因素的良好融合优点,构建城轨信号系统安全保障能力评价云模型及评价指标体系,采用组合赋权法对各指标赋予权重,并基于专家意见,利用正向云发生器生成标准云。结果表明:该云模型具有一定稳定性和可靠性,可对城轨信号系统安全保障能力进行有效测评,同时能够发现安全运营中的缺陷,有助于协助管理方进行针对性改善,以提高城轨信号系统的安全保障能力。     

Potential ZnS fossilization of gastropods (Middle Jurassic claystones from Central Poland)

The rich fossil fauna in the Middle Jurassic claystones that crop out in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland is extensively replaced by sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite. Sphalerite (ZnS) is rare and restricted to the internal casts of gastropods, often together with framboidal and euhedral pyrite and calcite. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer study was undertaken to explain this curious association. The results show that although direct infilling of the carbonate shell, similar to processes occurring during pyritization, is probable, it does not explain all textures observed. We propose that the carbonate shells were initially infilled by calcite and iron sulfides and sphalerite subsequently replaced the calcite casts. Preferential occurrence of ZnS in gastropods could result from accumulation of higher concentration of zinc during the organisms' life. After death, this Zn was introduced into the carbonate making gastropods more prone to ZnS replacement. Formation of ZnS casts was probably a late diagenetic event as zinc content of the surrounding sediment does not appear to influence sphalerite formation.     

静电除尘器的粉尘非稳态收集过程

为了全面揭示电除尘器粉尘非稳态收集过程,建立完整的非稳态静电收尘理论,根据静电学基本原理,研究了极板粉尘层电荷导人、积累、释放的过程,推导出随粉尘层厚度增长而改变的动态收尘电场强度计算公式,进而得到荷电粒子动态驱进速度公式,最终形成静电除尘非稳态收集理论.研究结果表明,在静电收尘过程中,粒子驱进速度与粉尘比电阻、工作电压、粉尘层厚度等多种因素有关;随粉尘比电阻的升高,收尘效率下降,当供电电压为最佳工作电压时收尘效率最高.针对不同比电阻粉尘进行了多项实验研究,实验结果与理论研究结果吻合.非稳态静电收尘理论成功地解释了实际静电收尘过程中与传统静电收尘理论相矛盾的地方,为静电除尘器的设计及其运行参数的选取提供了更为科学的理论基础.     

Simulating mesoscale transport and diffusion of radioactive noble gases using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model

In order to simulate the impact of mesoscale wind fields and to assess potential capability of atmospheric Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) as an emergency response model for the decision supports, two different simulations of LPDM with the mesoscale prognostic model MM5 (Mesoscale Model ver. 5) were driven. The first simulation of radioactive noble gas ((85)Kr exponent) emitted during JCO accident occurred from 30 September to 3 October 1999 at Tokai, Japan showed that the first arriving short pulse was found in Tsukuba located at 60km away from the accidental area. However, the released radioactive noble gas was transported back to the origin site about 2 days later due to the mesoscale meteorological wind circulation, enhancing the levels of (85)Kr with the secondary peak in Tsukuba. The second simulation of atmospheric dilution factors (the ratio of concentration to the emission rate, chi/Q), during the underground nuclear test (UNT) performed by North Korea showed that high chi/Q moved to the eastward and extended toward southward in accordance with the mesoscale atmospheric circulations generated by mesoscale prognostic model MM5. In comparison with the measurements, the simulated horizontal distribution patterns of (85)Kr during the JCO are well accord with that of observation in Tsukuba such as the existence of secondary peak which is associated with the mesoscale circulations. However, the simulated level of (85)Kr anomaly was found to be significantly lower than the observations, and some interpretations on these discrepancies were described. Applications of LPDM to two mesoscale emergency response dispersion cases suggest the potential capability of LPDM to be used as a decision support model provided accurate emission rate of accident in case of a large accident.