Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Caspian seals of unusual mortality event during 2000 and 2001

Persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and PCDDs/DFs were determined in the blubber of Caspian seals, which died during an outbreak of canine distemper virus in 2000 and 2001. DDTs were the predominant contaminants that ranged from 3.1 to 560 microg/g lipid. A negative correlation was observed between concentration of contaminants and blubber thickness. During spring, as the blubber layer becomes thin after breeding and moulting, seals may face higher risk due to the increased concentration of organochlorines in their bodies. TEQs in the blubber of Caspian seals (10-340 pg TEQ/g) were lower than those in seals from other locations, suggesting that toxic effects of these contaminants are a deal less in the present population and they are unlikely to be linked to mass mortality. The levels of PCBs and pesticides in Caspian seals, however, comparable to those in other aquatic mammals that have suffered from epizootics, might pose a risk of immunosuppression.     

Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. ∑PBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n = 42) ranged from 80 to 25 720 ng g⁻¹ lw, (overall mean 2403 ± 5406 ng g⁻¹ lw). By age, mean ∑PBDE concentrations were: 3645 ± 7388, 2945 ± 5995, 1385 ± 1265, and 326 ± 193 ng g⁻¹ lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n = 12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g⁻¹ lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.     

生物转鼓过滤器中一株好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定与降解特性研究

从稳定运行处理NO废气的生物转鼓过滤器中筛选分离到1株好氧反硝化细菌DN3,发现该菌在好氧条件下能有效去除培养液中的硝酸根,培养28h后的反硝化率大于80%.扫描电镜结果显示,菌株DN3为短杆菌,带有鞭毛,大小为(0.4～0.8)μm ×(2.0～2.5)μm,菌落表面呈现乳白色.通过生理生化特性及16S rRNA基因...     

亚硝酸盐降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从活性污泥中分离得到一株能以亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源生长的异养硝化细菌53,根据其形态、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析结果,将其初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。研究了亚硝酸盐的初始浓度、pH、温度、接种量4个影响因素对菌株53降解亚硝酸盐效果的影响,确定了最适降解条件。结果表明,该菌株在亚硝酸盐浓度10 mg/L、培养温度30℃、pH为8.0、接种量5%条件下,接种24 h后对亚硝酸盐的降解率达到94.8%以上。在亚硝酸盐质量浓度为5mg/L的10L污染水体模拟实验中,按1%的接种量接入53发酵菌液(A600nm≈0.4),在30℃的水温条件下经4 d,53菌株对亚硝酸的降解率可达96.52%,处理后水体中亚硝酸盐的含量能达到养殖水体标准。表明该菌株对污染水体中的亚硝酸盐具有较强的降解效果。     

飞机密封防水新技术研究

针对我国飞机传统密封防水方法存在的主要问题,提出了道轨式密封带与胶体密封剂相结合的密封防水方法,并应用于3个机型9个关键对接部位的密封防水改进。密封防水试验结果表明,该方法具有优良的密封防水性能,能达到“滴水不漏”的效果,适用于对飞机各种口盖、活动构件、连接部位、螺栓孔等存在缝隙的结构部位进行密封防水。     

某型装备用硅橡胶密封圈热氧老化试验与寿命评估

目的 研究某型装备用硅橡胶密封圈在温度影响下的性能退化规律,并进行寿命评估。方法 采用热氧老化加速试验方法,试验过程中模拟橡胶密封圈径向承压状态,通过强化温度试验条件,在90、100、110、120 ℃条件下对硅橡胶密封圈进行加速老化试验。以压缩永久变形率作为参数,对试验后的性能检测数据进行分析与处理,结合Arrhenius模型,以硅橡胶(径压)密封圈压缩永久变形率分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%和50%为密封圈失效临界值指标,外推常温25 ℃时硅橡胶密封圈寿命。结果 加速老化试验后,硅橡胶密封圈的压缩变形率逐渐下降,且温度越高,其压缩变形率下降越快。硅橡胶(径压)密封圈在25 ℃条件下,压缩永久变形率达到10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的贮存寿命分别为1、2.9、5.6、9.1、13.8 a。结论 温度是造成硅橡胶密封圈性能退化的因素之一。文中的试验方法和数据处理方法能有效评估〇型密封圈的寿命。     

先进增强结构在航空装备应用的腐蚀防护进展研究

综述了先进增强结构在航空装备应用过程中的腐蚀防护。结合先进增强结构金属-复合两种异种材料胶接结构形式,在先进增强结构腐蚀防护国内外研究基础上,从胶接技术、腐蚀防护体系设计、防腐蚀密封设计及试验验证等技术方面综述了先进增强结构腐蚀防护研究方向,目的在于加强腐蚀环境下先进增强结构的腐蚀防护探索研究,提高结构防腐蚀性能,加快工程化应用程度。     

基于循环冲击加速试验的某O型橡胶密封圈寿命评估方法

目的 快速准确评估温度循环条件下某O型橡胶密封圈的贮存寿命。方法 模拟O型橡胶密封圈真实受压状况,设计专用夹具,在4个应力条件下开展温度循环冲击加速寿命试验,获得密封圈退化数据,分析并获得密封圈伪失效寿命,构建修正Coffin-Manson模型,并利用不同试验条件下得到的伪失效寿命数据对模型进行参数估计,获得Coffin-Manson寿命预估模型,外推常温条件下密封圈的贮存寿命。结果 通过试验表明,指数模型相比对数模型与线性模型能更准确描述密封圈的退化情况,经Coffin-Manson模型评估,该O型橡胶密封圈常温条件下的贮存寿命为6.13 a,与工程经验数据吻合。结论 所提出的基于循环冲击加速试验的O型橡胶密封圈寿命评估方法可以准确评估密封圈的贮存寿命,大大缩短试验周期,节省寿命评估试验时间和成本,为密封器件的寿命评估提供了参考。     

液化土层隔震和地基失效共同作用下多层砖房震害分析

对４０个液化实例计算了震陷值和谱烈度比，依据宏观震陷经验，提出了在液化土层隔震和地基失效共同作用下多层砖房的震害预测方法。     

Maximum feasible distance of windborne cross-pollination in Brassica napus: A ‘mass budget’ model

A theory of gene dispersal by wind pollination can make an important contribution to understanding the viability and evolution of important plant groups in the Earth's changing landscape and it can be applied to evaluate concerns about the spread of engineered genes from genetically modified (GM) crops into conventional varieties via windborne pollen. Here, we present a model of cross-pollination between plant populations due to the wind. We perform a ‘mass budget’ of pollen by accounting for the number of pollen grains from release in the source population, dispersal from the source to the sink population by the wind, and deposition on receptive surfaces in the sink population. Our model can be parameterised for any wind-pollinated species, but we apply it to Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) to investigate the threat posed by wind pollination to GM confinement in agriculture. Specifically, we calculate the maximum feasible distance at which a particular level of windborne gene dispersal could be attained. This is equivalent to the separation distance between populations or fields required to achieve a given threshold of gene dispersal or adventitious GM presence. As required, model predictions of the upper bounds on levels of wind-mediated gene dispersal exceed observations from a wide range of published studies. For a level of gene dispersal below 0.9%, which is the EU threshold for GM adventitious presence, we predict that the maximum feasible distance for agricultural fields of B. napus is 1000 m, regardless of field shape and direction of prevailing winds. For fields closer than 1000 m, our model results do not necessarily imply that the 0.9% threshold is likely to be breached, because in this instance we have conservatively set the values of parameters where current knowledge is limited. We also predict that gene dispersal is reduced by 50% when the lag in peak flowering between the source and sink populations is 13 days, and reduced by 90% when the lag is 24 days. We identify further measurements necessary to improve the accuracy of the model predictions.