Experimental investigation of the influence of inert solids on ignition sensitivity of organic powders

This work presents the results of the experimental characterization of the ignition sensitivity of solid inertant/combustible powders mixtures. Three inert solids (alumina, Kieselguhr, aerosil) and eleven organic powders have been considered and the following parameters have been determined: (1) the minimum ignition energy, (2) the minimum ignition temperature in cloud and (3) the minimum ignition temperature in 5 mm layer. The effects of the addition of inert solids are described and a simple model is proposed to represent the experimental results.Generally, increasing inert solid content in a powder leads to a higher minimum ignition energy as well as a higher minimum ignition temperatures in cloud and in layer. In some cases, the flammability is influenced above a threshold concentration value, which can be quite high (up to 85 wt.%). Indeed, the proposed model shows a zone below the minimum ignition concentration (MIC), which does not enable an efficient or safe inerting: either the admixed inert solid does not provide a sufficient effect, or it can even facilitate the ignition of the dust by notably improving its dispersability.The influence of key parameters such as the thermal conductivity or optical properties on the efficiency of the inerting by admixed solid need to be further assessed in a future work in view to better understand the mechanisms involved and to extend the scope to other types of oxidizable materials.     

铁锰双金属氧化物对过硫酸氢钾降解酸性橙7的催化效果

为了发挥均相体系中过渡金属元素对PMS(过硫酸氢钾)的催化效果,同时解决存在的金属离子污染的问题,以AO7(酸性橙7)为目标污染物,研究了采用溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel method)制备Fe-MnO_x(铁锰双金属氧化物)催化剂催化PMS的效果及降解机理. 结果表明:ρ(Fe-MnO_x)由50 mg/L升至200 mg/L后,35 min时AO7降解率由53.74%升至96.65%;继续升高ρ(Fe-MnO_x),AO7降解率提升效果不明显. 随着ρ(PMS)₀(PMS初始质量浓度)的升高,AO7的降解率变化趋势与之相同;而随着ρ(AO7)₀(AO7初始质量浓度)的升高,AO7降解率有所下降. 分别投加EA(乙醇)、TBA(叔丁醇)这2种捕获剂来验证体系氧化物种时发现,55 min时AO7降解率分别为79.40%和91.33%,氧化体系的主要氧化物种为·SO₄-(硫酸根自由基)和少量·OH(羟基自由基). XRD(X射线衍射)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱)结果显示,Fe-MnO_x催化剂中的Fe、Mn主要以Fe3+、Mn2+、Mn4+ 3种形式存在,Fe、Mn、O 3种元素中,Fe3+、Mn2+、Mn4+、O2-和表面羟基氧的摩尔比分别为20.49%、26.46%、5.60%、32.51%和14.91%. 研究显示,Fe-MnO_x催化剂具有金属离子溶出量低、催化性能良好等优良性能,能够有效催化PMS生成自由基,对水中的污染物具有良好的降解效果.      

白云母/硅微粉疏水改性对三相泡沫热稳定性的影响

为了制备高热稳定性的三相泡沫,对白云母/硅微粉疏水改性。采用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷(HTEOS)为改性剂,以接触角、粒度分析、FTIR为表征。在合成蛋白泡沫中按比例添加粉体制备三相泡沫,以自主设计可视化油池进行热稳定性试验并与两相泡沫对比。结果表明:改性白云母的性质为“两亲”,改性硅微粉表现为疏水;三相泡沫热稳定性高于两相泡沫,三相泡沫中,利用改性白云母制备的三相泡沫热稳定性最优,覆盖至破灭时间为1 905 s,而改性硅微粉制备的三相泡沫热稳定性不足,覆盖至破灭时间仅为983 s。     

聚合硫酸铁制备及其净水处理应用

讨论了以FeSO4·7H2O和H2SO4为原料,以HNO3为催化剂通入空气氧化铁(Ⅱ)制备聚合硫酸铁的主要影响因素。实验表明:[SO42-]/[Fe]总=1.35～1.40为较合适的投料比例;HNO3的投料量约为原料FeSO4·7H2O投料的4%,反应温度为60～90℃,搅拌速度为400～600r/min,反应时间4h。反应后期pH基本不变;产品对活性大红溶液的净水处理结果较为满意,脱色率98.8%,COD的去除率为92%。     

AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION,KEZAR LAKE,NEW HAMPSHIRE1

ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.     

含锌废水的微生物处理技术

从失活生物体和活性生物体两个角度出发，介绍了目前应用微生物法去除废水中重金属锌的研究现状，详细阐述了生物絮凝、生物吸附和硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的代谢产物(硫化氢)去除锌的机理。     

高含氯水样高锰酸盐指数测定新方法

在高锰酸盐指数的测定中,干扰最为严重且难以消除的是氯离子(Cl-)的影响。高浓度氯离子的干扰会导致测定结果偏差大,无法界定高锰酸盐指数是否达标。对高含氯水样高锰酸盐指数测定新方法(改进的高锰酸盐指数法)的实验研究结果表明,在采用标准高锰酸钾法对高含氯水样进行的高锰酸盐指数测定中,利用稀释方法,在碱性条件下用硫酸锰作催化剂,可以避免氯离子的干扰,提高了高锰酸钾对有机物的氧化率,能真实地反映水样中有机物的污染程度。     

厌氧消化中硫酸盐毒性的控制

探讨了厌氧消化中硫酸盐还原菌与产甲烷菌对分子氢的两种竞争作用及硫酸盐的致毒机制，归纳分析了目前对含硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理可能采用的几种毒性控制对策及其存在问题。     

Impact of Coal Ash from Electric Power Production on Changes in Water Quality1

ABSTRACT: Since 1972 the use of coal in the U.S. has increased much more rapidly than predicted, with much of this increased use by electric power generating plants. Residue after combustion consists primarily of inorganic materials, with the majority of chemical elements concentrated in fly ash as is sulfate. The concentration of sulfate in this ash fraction most affects the chemical and physical state of other elements when fly ash comes in contact with water by lowering the pH. In a properly constructed and operated ash settling basin, however, major water quality parameters of effluent may be improved as compared to source water. It is necessary, however, to consider the solubility or deposition in sediment of potentially toxic chemical elements from fly ash as these may affect reuse of this water, or as they may impact other parts of the aquatic environment.     

利用矾泥制备铵明矾

采用酸熔法分离矾泥中的铝与硅，不仅克服了碱浸工艺脱硅的复杂过程和铝回收率低的不足，而且解决了酸浸工艺中产品纯度低和设备材质要求高等问题，通过试验确定了酸熔最佳工艺条件为：温度200℃，时间30min，酸铝比1.18，活性铝的回收率为96.69%，铵明矾的纯度在99.5%以上。