Ground-Cover Measurements: Assessing Correlation Among Aerial and Ground-Based Methods

Wyoming’s Green Mountain Common Allotment is public land providing livestock forage, wildlife habitat, and unfenced solitude, amid other ecological services. It is also the center of ongoing debate over USDI Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) adjudication of land uses. Monitoring resource use is a BLM responsibility, but conventional monitoring is inadequate for the vast areas encompassed in this and other public-land units. New monitoring methods are needed that will reduce monitoring costs. An understanding of data-set relationships among old and new methods is also needed. This study compared two conventional methods with two remote sensing methods using images captured from two meters and 100 meters above ground level from a camera stand (a ground, image-based method) and a light airplane (an aerial, image-based method). Image analysis used SamplePoint or VegMeasure software. Aerial methods allowed for increased sampling intensity at low cost relative to the time and travel required by ground methods. Costs to acquire the aerial imagery and measure ground cover on 162 aerial samples representing 9000 ha were less than $3000. The four highest correlations among data sets for bare ground—the ground-cover characteristic yielding the highest correlations (r)—ranged from 0.76 to 0.85 and included ground with ground, ground with aerial, and aerial with aerial data-set associations. We conclude that our aerial surveys are a cost-effective monitoring method, that ground with aerial data-set correlations can be equal to, or greater than those among ground-based data sets, and that bare ground should continue to be investigated and tested for use as a key indicator of rangeland health.     

3D可视化石化装置安全管理系统的开发

本文介绍了3D可视化石化装置安全管理系统构成、功能和实验途径，该系统将三维激光扫描和GIS技术运用于石化行业，通过数据处理建立石化装置测绘级精度、全尺寸、全真实体的三维数字模型，并通过添加GIS信息和设备属性信息，实现石化装置5D可视化管理、分层管理、设备检维修和施工改造模拟、事故影响范围及应急救援最佳路径模拟、工作人员仿真培训等安全管理模块，为石化企业设备管理提供了新的技术平台。     

Experimental Investigation on the Removal of Toner Particles from Laser-Printed Office Waste Papers

Abstract

In this work the deinking process was simulated in a small high speed blender of about 2 L capacity. The effects of polyethylene (PE) and wax-coated PE on the removal of toner particles in the pulper slurry has been experimentally investigated. The effect of one commercial surfactant (30% anionic, 5% nonionic) on the toner release efficiency was also studied. The average area of toner particles retained on filter papers were determined using an image analysis system that consists of a high-resolution video camera mounted on an optical polarizing microscope, an image software processor, a Pentium PC, and a high-resolution image monitor. The effect of low density PE on toner detachment from laser-printed standard paper was investigated over a concentration range of 0 –200% PE (relative to paper mass). It is found that PE has a certain capabilty of removing (adsorbing) toner particles. In the second phase of this research work, the effect of wax-coated PE was investigated. It was found that wax-coated PE enhances the removal of toner particles beyond that obtained using only PE. Finally, the effect of a commercial surfactant on the release of toner particles have been investigated over a range of surfactant mass percentage (relative to the paper mass).     

Accumulation, transportation, and distribution of tetracycline and cadmium in rice

Co-exposure to heavy metal and antibiotic pollution might result in complexation and synergistic interactions, affecting rice growth and further exacerbating pollutant enrichment. Therefore, our study sought to clarify the influence of different Tetracycline (TC) and Cadmium(Cd) concentration ratios (both alone and combined) on rice growth, pollutant accumulation, and transportation during the tillering stage in hydroponic system. Surprisingly, our findings indicated that the interaction between TC and Cd could alleviate the toxic effects of TC/Cd on aerial rice structures and decrease pollutant burdens during root elongation. In contrast, TC and Cd synergistically promoted the accumulation of TC/Cd in rice roots. However, their interaction increased the accumulation of TC in roots while decreasing the accumulation of Cd when the toxicant doses increased. The strong affinity of rice to Cd promoted its upward transport from the roots, whereas the toxic effects of TC reduced TC transport. Therefore, the combined toxicity of the two pollutants inhibited their upward transport. Additionally, a low concentration of TC promoted the accumulation of Cd in rice mainly in the root tip. Furthermore, a certain dose of TC promoted the upward migration of Cd from the root tip. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrated that Cd mainly accumulated in the epidermis and stele of the root, whereas Fe mainly accumulated in the epidermis, which inhibited the absorption and accumulation of Cd by the rice roots through the generation of a Fe plaque. Our findings thus provide insights into the effects of TC and Cd co-exposure on rice growth.     

激光光散射在混凝研究中的应用评述

混凝研究的理论与实践近三十年来得到长足的发展，很大的原因在于现代检测技术与手段的大力运用，激光光散射为其中得力的方法之一。本文对其基本操作原理作了简要介绍，并对测定过程中存在的若干问题作了探讨。然后就其在混凝领域中诸层次的研究现状与发展趋势进行了若干概括。本文试图阐明其应用于混凝领域的研究所具有的巨大潜力及困难与局限所在，以期将来更大的进展     

Size distributions of manure particles released under simulated rainfall

Manure and animal waste deposited on cropland and grazing lands serve as a source of microorganisms, some of which may be pathogenic. These microorganisms are released along with particles of dissolved manure during rainfall events. Relatively little if anything is known about the amounts and sizes of manure particles released during rainfall, that subsequently may serve as carriers, abode, and nutritional source for microorganisms. The objective of this work was to obtain and present the first experimental data on sizes of bovine manure particles released to runoff during simulated rainfall and leached through soil during subsequent infiltration. Experiments were conducted using 200 cm long boxes containing turfgrass soil sod; the boxes were designed so that rates of manure dissolution and subsequent infiltration and runoff could be monitored independently. Dairy manure was applied on the upper portion of boxes. Simulated rainfall (ca. 32.4 mm h(-1)) was applied for 90 min on boxes with stands of either live or dead grass. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, and particle size distributions obtained from laser diffractometry were determined in manure runoff and soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachates and manure runoff samples decreased exponentially. Turbidity of manure runoff samples was on average 20% less than turbidity of soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachate samples from boxes with dead grass was on average 30% less than from boxes with live grass. Particle size distributions in manure runoff and leachate suspensions remained remarkably stable after 15 min of runoff initiation, although the turbidity continued to decrease. Particles had the median diameter of 3.8 microm, and 90% of particles were between 0.6 and 17.8 microm. The particle size distributions were not affected by the grass status. Because manure particles are known to affect transport and retention of microbial pathogens in soil, more information needs to be collected about the concurrent release of pathogens and manure particles during rainfall events.     

不同烟气含湿量测量方法比较与分析

探讨准确测量烟气含湿量的方法,采用干湿球法、重量法、阻容法、激光法同步比对测量典型温湿度污染源烟气的含湿量,通过监测结果分析,提出了不同测量方法在实际烟气测量中的准确性和适用性,为准确、规范测定烟气含湿量提供技术依据。     

改善典型硝胺类易燃易爆材料引燃性能研究

通过针对典型硝胺类易燃易爆材料黑索今(RDX)和奥克托今(HMX)的引燃性能实验,研究了掺混碳黑和反应体系的封闭对上述药剂引燃特性的影响规律。研究表明,碳黑对硝胺类易燃易爆材料的激光吸收率有重要影响;反应体系的密封可以有效提高激光引燃感度,缩短激光引燃延迟时间,改善硝胺类易燃易爆材料的激光引燃性能。     

多波段激光防护塑料的研制

本文以PMMA为基质制备了多波段激光防护塑料样品,对其性能进行了测试,该样品对YAG激光有很好的防护作用,达到实用要求。     

Long-term outcome after intrauterine laser treatment for twin–twin transfusion syndrome

Twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication occurring in about 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. The chronic unbalanced transfusion of blood across placental vascular communications from the donor to the recipient twin may lead to impairment of various organ systems in the affected twins. In Hamburg, Germany, since 1995 patients with TTTS were treated with fetoscopic laser coagulation as the first causal therapeutic strategy. All survivors after laser surgery were followed up in the University Children's Hospital in Bonn, Germany. In this article, we summarize long-term follow-up studies from our German study population and compare our results with data from the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.