《循环经济促进法》有效实施的思考和建议

颁布实施《循环经济促进法》,是落实党中央提出的实现循环经济较大规模发展战略目标的重要举措。该法实施一年来取得了积极效果,循环经济的理念逐步深入人心,有利于循环经济发展的制度环境初步形成,全国范围内循环经济试点稳步扎实推进,技术、标准、信息化网络等循环经济基本工作得到加强。与此同时,一些深层次问题也开始显现,需要尽早重视和解决。     

人力资本法在空气污染生命健康损失评估中的应用

采用人力资本法估计生命价值,就人力资本法用于生命价值估计的关键问题开展研究,包括用何种指标代表人力资本、工作年限损失计算、人力资本增长预测、贴现率选择等问题。以人均收入代表人力资本,基于城市不同年龄阶段居民人口数据和基期死亡率数据计算工作年限损失。以北京市为例,计算出因空气污染所致北京市居民平均工作年限损失为11.3 a,2014年北京市城镇居民人均可支配收入为43 910元,带入人力资本模型,人均收入增长率取10%,贴现率取3%,得到对生命价值的估计结果为68.6万元;贴现率取7%,得到对生命价值的估计结果为55.7万元。     

关于日本《环境教育等促进法》修改的研究

日本于2012年10月1日正式颁布了《环境教育等促进法》,此法由2003年颁布的《有关增进环保意愿以及推进环保教育的法律》修改而来,是一部充分调动各个社会主体协同合作,用环境教育开展环境保护工作的法律。通过分析该法多角度分层次的教育措施及特点,借鉴日本多年来环境教育推广经验,对我国加快环境教育立法进程,实现全民环境教育,增强全民节约意识、生态意识、环保意识,全力建设美丽中国有着重大意义。     

新《环境保护法》对重污染企业盈余管理的影响研究——基于政治成本假说的实证检验

本文利用新《环境保护法》实施这一外生事件,采用双重差分模型,从应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理两个方面实证检验了政治成本对重污染企业盈余管理的影响。研究发现在新《环境保护法》实施后,相比于非污染企业,重污染企业面临更高的政治成本,其进行了显著的向上应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理,向外界传递了企业未来发展良好的信息。上述研究结论经过一系列稳健性检验依然成立。进一步的异质性检验表明:①基于产权性质的分析表明,本文的研究结论在非国有企业的子样本组中更为明显;②基于企业规模的分析表明,小规模重污染企业更倾向于进行向上应计盈余管理,但不同规模重污染企业的真实盈余管理没有显著差异;③基于市场竞争程度的分析表明,高市场竞争环境下的重污染企业更倾向于采取向上应计盈余管理,低市场竞争环境下的重污染企业更倾向于进行向上真实盈余管理;④基于经济发展水平的分析表明,东部地区的重污染企业倾向于向上应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理。本文研究结论与西方的“政治成本假说”并不相符,为中国情境下的“政治成本理论”发展提供了另一种证据,同时为进一步加强新《环境保护法》的环境规制效果提供了决策参考。     

Ecosystems emerging. 5: Constraints

Ecosystem constraints are both ontic and epistemic. They limit activity, and as problems to be solved they drive organization, which is our hypothesis:

The driver of organization is constraint.

Solutions proliferate further constraints in an unending spiral of problem (constraint) generation and solution. As constraints proliferate, behavior narrows, and species diversify to compensate (paradox of constraint). Resource enrichment reduces constraints, releases behavior, and reduction of challenges decreases diversity (paradox of enrichment)—high diversity is expressed in low-resource environments and low diversity in high-resource environments. A three-part model of constraints is formulated for non-living systems, and also for goal-directed, problem-solving biota. Mode 1: dynamical means behavior is co-determined by internal states and external inputs. Mode 2: cybernetic employs negative feedback to keep dynamics within goal-oriented operating limits. Mode 3: model-making entails ability to represent (model) physical reality and respond to both phenomenal (modeled) and physical inputs; this property distinguishes living from nonliving systems. Principal sections of the paper elaborate dynamical constraints (three classes), boundary constraints (expressed in edge effects and trophic dynamics), physical constraints (space, time, temperature), chemical constraints (environment fitness, ecological stoichiometry, chemical evolution, limiting factors), coding constraints (environmental vs. genetic coding), network and pathway constraints (connectivity), and natural selection constraints (fitting to the biosphere). Consideration of how the world would look without constraints suggests how fundamental these are in ecosystem emergence, and how the next property in this series, differentiation, would be unmotivated without them. We conclude that constraints as a category are under-studied in ecology, poorly understood in ecological phenomenology, and (our hypothesis) comprise a ubiquitous organizing force in nature.     

The application of generalized linear mixed models to multi-level sampling for insect population monitoring

Iwao's quadratic regression or Taylor's Power Law (TPL) are commonly used to model the variance as a function of the mean for sample counts of insect populations which exhibit spatial aggregation. The modeled variance and distribution of the mean are typically used in pest management programs to decide if the population is above the action threshold in any management unit (MU) (e.g., orchard, forest compartment). For nested or multi-level sampling the usual two-stage modeling procedure first obtains the sample variance for each MU and sampling level using ANOVA and then fits a regression of variance on the mean for each level using either Iwao or TPL variance models. Here this approach is compared to the single-stage procedure of fitting a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) directly to the count data with both approaches demonstrated using 2-level sampling. GLMMs and additive GLMMs (AGLMMs) with conditional Poisson variance function as well as the extension to the negative binomial are described. Generalization to more than two sampling levels is outlined. Formulae for calculating optimal relative sample sizes (ORSS) and the operating characteristic curve for the control decision are given for each model. The ORSS are independent of the mean in the case of the AGLMMs. The application described is estimation of the variance of the mean number of leaves per shoot occupied by immature stages of a defoliator of eucalypts, the Tasmanian Eucalyptus leaf beetle, based on a sample of trees within plots from each forest compartment. Historical population monitoring data were fitted using the above approaches.     

关于安全科学的几个重要概念的再认识

对安全科学理论中的安全、安全技术、安全系统、安全性与危险性、危险墒与危险度、安全管理与安全信息、安全本质与安全本质化等概念提出了新认识。     

环境责任保险研究

中国的“入世”已成定局。面对“入世”对国内产业带来的冲去与挑战 ,寻求保护国内保险产业的积极对策日益重要。环境责任保险作为一种环境损害赔偿社会化制度 ,其具有转嫁风险 ,促进经济发展和稳定社会等优点。通过分析比较西方国家的环境责任保险的立法模式 ,建立起符合我国国情的环境责任保险制度。这对于完善我国环境侵权损害民事赔偿制度 ,切实保障公民的环境权益具有极为重要的意义     

试论国际环境民间组织在国际法中的法律地位

国际环境民间组织已成为国际社会中一种重要的行为体,它对全球环境保护和国际环境法发展有着巨大的推动作用.因此,有必要对国际民间组织在国际法中的法律地位进行研究.国际法律人格者与国际法主体之间的法理区别是国际环境民间组织获得国际法律地位的前提,无论从实证,还是理论方面进行分析国际环境民间组织在国际法中都具有一定的法律地位,在一定范围内可以成为国际法的主体.     

试论全面建立我国环境影响评价的法制化体系

在综述我国环境影响评价体系的法制化现状的基础上，剖析了现有评体系存在的问题及其产生的根本原因，提出了制定我国环境评价的必要性，进而从完善评价的监督机制和环评技术导则系统等方面，阐述了如何全面建立我国的环境影响评价法制化体系。