污泥基活性炭-甲醇工质对吸附/解吸特性

将市政生物污泥资源转化与吸附制冷能效提升相交叉融合,通过炭素前驱体进行复配、KOH催化炭化及磷酸催化活化相结合的压块炭改进工艺对污泥基活性炭的孔结构进行原位调控,制备了4种新型污泥基活性炭（WNC-4/3/2/1）;对比研究了以污泥炭和甲醇制冷剂为工质对的吸附制冷床的吸附/脱附循环、制冷量及制冷功率变化特性.结果表明： KOH和磷酸浸渍过程可分别促进微孔及中孔结构的发育,WNC-4的总孔、微孔及中孔容积分别达到0.6960,0.1641和0.5319cm³/g.比表面积与孔结构容积水平的同步提升与甲醇制冷剂吸附/脱附量呈良好的相关性（R²>0.90）.基于Langmuir吸附等温模型（R²=0.9939）计算的最大吸附量Q_L^*达到（552.67±23.83）mg/g;基于Sokoda-Suzuki方程计算的40min内的平衡吸附量和脱附量分别为（372.94±9.504）和（412.55±8.309）mg/g.脱附温度为100℃时,WNC-4吸附制冷系统的稳定脱附量、制冷量和制冷功率分别达到（328.81±10.74）mg/g,（300.34±9.81）kJ/kg和（600.68±19.62）kJ/（kg·h）.     

柴油机排气颗粒表面特征与吸附能力分析

利用全自动比表面积与孔隙分析仪和光学接触角测量仪,分别对炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的比表面积与孔隙以及接触角等表面特征参数进行了测量,并对炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的分形维数和表面张力进行了计算,对比分析了炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的吸附能力,探讨了柴油机排气颗粒表面特征参数与吸附能力之间的关系.通过检测与分析,炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的比表面积分别为78.003和65.408m²/g,平均孔径分别为13.845和14.483nm,分形维数分别为2.5885和2.5515,在0.985s时刻的表面张力分别为51.1和56.6mJ/m²,结果表明炭黑与柴油机排气颗粒的比表面积,孔径分布,分形维数和表面张力均相似.炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒均表现了极强的亲油性,轻微亲水性.柴油机排气颗粒亲水性略强,表面更为光滑,吸附能力略低于炭黑.     

炭基催化剂比表面积、孔径与硫容关系研究

取T12系列12种炭基催化剂,采用物理吸附仪测定其比表面积和孔径分布,并在相同条件下做脱硫实验测得硫容。对其比表面积、孔径与SO2吸附分子直径比值与脱硫效果的关系进行研究。结果表明:对于T12系列炭基催化剂,催化效果会随着比表面积和孔径的增加而变得更好,总比表面积超过720m2/g,孔径超过0.85nm以后,催化剂的脱硫效果反而降低。     

全绝缘管型母线振荡波检测技术试验研究

绝缘管母易因绝缘击穿引发停电事故,造成较大经济损失。针对10 kV绝缘管母故障特点,制作了6类绝缘管母典型绝缘缺陷故障模型,采用振荡波技术开展绝缘管母局部放电检测。结果表明:正常绝缘管母的起始放电电压远高于有缺陷的绝缘管母,正常绝缘管母在1.7 U₀即14.79 kV时开始出现局部放电信号,而有缺陷的绝缘管母起始放电电压皆小于等于1.3 U₀即11.3 kV;得到使用振荡波法识别绝缘管母缺陷的方法,对1.5 U₀即13.05 kV电压下的局部放电量进行分析,当局部放电量超过200 pC时,可以认为绝缘管母存在绝缘缺陷。     

环境容量利用:法律属性与权利构造

本文首先从环境容量利用权产生的社会背景和自然科学基础出发,指出环境容量利用权是一种新型无形财产权,是对环境生态功能的商品化,兼具公权与私权属性.然后,本文深入探讨了环境容量利用权的权利构造,指出环境容量利用权的主体不限于排污者,而是一般主体,但要成为具体的环境容量利用权主体还需受到一定的公法管制;环境容量利用权的客体就是环境容量,通过环境容量所依附的物质载体的空间范围、利用环境容量的期限、所利用的环境容量的数量、所排放污染物的种类等参数可使环境容量具有确定性;环境容量利用权的核心权能是排污和收益,环境容量利用权的功能定位是"利用"而非支配或控制环境容量,一般不具有占有和排他权能,通过排污保证正常的生产活动是间接收益,而通过交易获取经济利益则是直接收益.最后,本文简要分析了环境容量利用权在中国的实现机制.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

西安市第五污水处理厂设计进水水质水量的分析与确定

对拟建污水处理厂服务区域内的水质、水量进行调查分析,结合区域内的人口密度、工业企业现状及发展前景,提出按实测水质浓度90%保证率确定污水处理厂设计进水水质,同时依据实测水量对可行性研究报告提出的处理规模进行核算,并按修正后的水质和水量进行工程设计,此方法可作为工程技术人员设计城市污水处理厂时参考。     

Carrying capacity of an uninhabited island off the southwestern coast of Korea

An emergy evaluation was carried out to assess the carrying capacity of a small, uninhabited island (Woosedo) off the southwestern coast of Korea. The sea area within 1 km from the high tide level of the island was included in the evaluation. The total environmental emergy input to Woosedo was 1.66E19 sej/yr, with the most emergy contribution from the tidal energy. The land and marine ecosystems of Woosedo contributed 4.97 million Em$ (7600 Em$/ha/yr) to the Korean economy annually. If Woosedo was developed to the national average at the emergy investment ratio of 2.86, its carrying capacity was estimated at 1034 people at the current living standard of Korea. With this population, the island system would not be sustainable with a very low emergy sustainability index of 0.36. At the same living standard used in the developed scenario, the carrying capacity of the island would be 370 people for a sustainable development scenario and 270 people if the renewable emergy were the only source to support the population. The emergy contribution of the marine ecosystem of the island was the major source of support in determining the level of carrying capacity of the island.     

资源-环境双重约束下的区域生态效率的时序特征——以广西壮族自治区为例

为了探讨资源—环境双重约束下我国生态赤字地区资源环境绩效水平,利用生态脆弱指数和资源环境绩效指数（REPI）对地处珠江三角洲的广西资源环境绩效进行了系统分析和比较研究。结果表明：尽管资源环境绩效水平从2000年的72.4上升为2007年的116.1,但趋势并不明显,资源环境综合绩效水平在全国的第24—26位徘徊。综合绩效指数、SO2排放绩效指数、工业固体废弃物排放绩效指数和生物资源指数呈现＂N＂型变动,水污染指数下呈＂∧＂变动态势,大气污染指数呈现＂W＂型剧烈变动,生态承载力处于超载状态,生态脆弱性趋势没有明显改变。资源消耗和污染物排放的下降态势并不稳定。1995—2007年,广西区域环境水平呈下降趋势,区域环境水平和资源转化效率呈剧烈变动的下降趋势,抗逆水平和生态保护指数有所提高,土地资源指数呈现下降态势,排放强度指数下降明显,生态脆弱指数保持恒定,气候变异指数呈波浪状变动,环境治理指数呈剧烈变动。广西面临生态环境的整体不稳定性和对外力干预敏感性的双重压力。广西应发挥地处泛珠三角的地缘优势和辐射＂东盟＂的区位优势,加大结构调整和制度创新力度,缩短目前资源密集型的发展阶段,改善生态效率和承载力,提升广西在泛珠江三角洲地区的综合竞争力。     

针对大尺度区域的大气环境容量综合估算方法

针对大尺度区域的特点,提出了将箱模型法、模拟法与线性规划法相结合的大气环境容量估算方法.其基本思路是将大尺度区域划分为一系列小区域,将真实污染源简化为源单元,基于线性规划法寻求区域最大容量及其优化配置方案.采用箱模型以保证源单元尺度的环境质量要求,采用模拟法以考虑二次污染对前体物环境容量的制约,将箱模型容量与模拟法容量作为规划法的约束条件.新方法使3种传统方法相互取长补短,其显著特征表现为:兼顾了污染源的局地性和区域性的影响;兼顾了污染物的一次影响和二次影响;大气环境容量的规划布局具有区域优化特征.应用新方法对我国东南沿海某区域进行了大气环境容量的评估试验,结果表明该方法合理可行.