基于系统动力学的机械制造行业事故危险性综合评价方法研究及应用

为了研究机械制造行业综合危险性,应用系统动力学理论和方法,结合层次分析法(AHP)、预先危险性分析-作业条件危险性评价法(PHA-LEC)、模糊综合评价法以及安全检查表法(SCL)等评价技术,利用仿真技术构造机械行业危险性整体框架,研究机械制造行业突发事故的危险程度,并以"8·2昆山粉尘爆炸事故"作为具体实例,综合评价突发事故的危险性。     

木工机械引发事故原因与预防措施

介绍木制品加工过程中的危险、有害因素，分析木工机械引发事故的原因，提出一些预防事故发生的措施．     

OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT FRONTIERS OF UNITED STATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Economic models sometimes indicate that irrigation water is misallocated in agriculture, especially when it appears that the marginal value product is higher in other uses (such as for hydro-power). Historically, trends tend to contradict this reasoning, however, especially since irrigation has grown from 20 million acres in 1940 to over 50 million acres in 1980. Results of this study tend to indicate that as agriculture becomes more and more intensive (in terms of inputs), irrigation is part of that long term trend. Further, major economic variables, such as output and investments in agriculture, appear to be more highly correlated with irrigated land than with dryland agriculture. Recent data indicate an upper limit of about 320 million acres for dryland farming in the United States, while no such constraint is apparent for irrigated agriculture.     

基于车用氮氧化物传感器的工程机械NOx排放因子测量方法研究

为了能够低成本地获得包括工程机械在内的非道路移动机械的NO_x排放因子,基于目前广泛使用的车用氮氧化物传感器开展了NO_x排放因子的测量系统搭建和计算模型研究.基于柴油机尾气O_2浓度、NO_x浓度、环境温湿度和燃料特性等参数建立了非道路移动机械单位油耗NO_x排放因子计算模型.为了验证测量系统与计算模型,开展了4台工程机械的实际道路验证试验,并选取其中一台开展了基于车载排放测试系统(PEMS)的NO_x排放比对试验.比对和实测试验结果表明建立的NO_x排放因子测量方法具有较低的相对误差和稳定性,与车载排放测量系统的测量结果相比具有很好的相关性.被测2台挖掘机和1台推土机、1台压路机的平均单位油耗NO_x排放因子分别为(22.8±4.0)、(35.8±16.0)和(55.0±18.0)、(68.8±13.0) g·kg~(-1).基于车用氮氧化物传感器的NO_x排放因子测量结果与目前国内外已有研究的NO_x排放因子测量结果接近.     

机械制造企业开展安全标准化工作的难点及对策

企业开展安全标准化工作可控制事故发生,提高安全管理水平。该文以中国重汽集团所属子公司为实例,分析其在达标过程中的各项数据,找出机械制造企业开展安全标准化达标工作的难点所在。经分析,机械制造企业开展安全标准化达标工作的难点主要集中在企业安全投入不足,安全生产管理工作的宽度和深度不够,忽略生产中的细节问题以及未能完善处理历史遗留问题等。针对这些工作难点本文提出机械制造企业应加大安全投入提高专业水平,全面动员精心组织,全面整改注重工作深度,建立长效机制不断完善提高等对策措施。以上措施在中国重型汽车集团所属九家子公司安全标准化达标工作中起到了积极的作用,值得其他机械制造类企业借鉴。     

农业作业者的听力防护

农业领域作业者的听力防护问题极少被关注,以农机噪声、养殖场噪声及其对作业者伤害调查数据看,农业噪声对作业者的危害不容忽视,给予作业特点和需求,需要选择合适的听力保护装备,并建立听力保护计划,保护在噪声环境中工作的农业作业者。     

Algorithms for Increasing the Efficiency of Precision Production Operator’s Activities

To assess and plan future risk-analysis research projects, 275 documents describing methods and tools for assessing the risks associated with industrial machines or with other sectors such as the military, and the nuclear and aeronautics industries, etc., were collected. These documents were in the format of published books or papers, standards, technical guides and company procedures collected throughout industry. From the collected documents, 112 documents were selected for analysis; 108 methods applied or potentially applicable for assessing the risks associated with industrial machines were analyzed and classified. This paper presents the main quantitative results of the analysis of the methods and tools.     

An Analysis of Accidents Caused by Improper Functioning of Machine Control Systems

The scope of this study covers events resulting from improper functioning of machine control systems. An accident model providing a basis for formulating a checklist for accident analysis has been developed. Data about 700 accidents were collected. An analysis has proved that in the group of accidents caused by improper functioning of machine control systems, serious accidents happened much more frequently as compared to the group of accidents with no relation to the control system. The reasons for the majority of incidents caused by improper performance of safety functions consist in the errors made by designers. In view of that, incorrect behaviour of a worker should be treated as a normal event instead of a deviation causing an accident.     

有源滤波器在港口起重设备上的应用

由于技术的进步和生产要求的提高．变频技术被越来越多的使用在包括港口起重机械在内的起重设备中。在提高整机性能的同时,大量谐波的出现也给起重设备的运行带来较大危害。本文针对某港口出现的谐波问题,采用了有源滤波器对谐波进行处理,取得了良好的效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

用于工业机器设计的安全性分析模式及方法研究

工业机器也属职业事故的重要危险源之一。在其设计时 ,有效地进行安全性分析是消除和控制工业机器中存在的固有危险的最佳途径。为此 ,推荐了一种用于工业机器的安全分析模式 ;并对已有的安全分析方法进行了重点选择 ,将供设计人员使用的安全分析方法从百余种减少到 11种 ;还对这些方法进行了分类 ,可供设计人员在设计工业机器时 ,较方便地选择和系统地应用。