石灰生产项目环评中应注意的几个问题

以燃煤石灰立窑为例主要从产业政策相符性分析、污染物产生量及产生浓度的计算、污染防治措施、卫生防护距离设置等方面论述石灰生产项目环评中应注意的几个问题,以供此类环评项目参考。     

石灰、粉煤灰处理铅镉污染土壤的试验研究

试验模拟了Cd,Pb污染土壤,加入石灰、粉煤灰等浸出毒性,试验结果表明,加入质量分数为5％的石灰后,浸出液中的Cd,Pb浸出浓度最低,比模拟污土样品分别降低85．5％,45．2％,其它处理样品的浸出浓度和浸出率都较高,处理效果不理想。Cd,Pb污染土壤进入生活垃圾填埋场之前,添加少量石灰做预处理,是一种较好的方法。另外,浸提刺pH值对Cd,Pb的浸出影响很大。在浸提剂1#（pH值为4．93±0．05）和浸提刺2#（pH值为2．64±0．05）2种浸提剂下,Cd浸出浓度相差约30～40倍,Pb的浸出浓度相差约10～20倍。     

再生水深度处理系统设计及调试问题讨论

再生水深度处理系统的设计简述,以及调试运行对设计参数的修正和调整,提出了对今后系统设计应注意的细节。     

Vegetation succession and lichen diversity on dry coastal calciumpoor dunes and the impact of management experiments

The negative impact of grass and moss encroachment on the botanical diversity of West European coastal dunes attracted increasing attention in the 1990s. This paper focuses on moss encroachment during primary succession in the xeroseries. Until the mid-1970s, vegetation types rich in species of the lichen generaCladonia andCladina were found on the fixed,Corynephorus canescens-dominated, so-called grey dunes all over the island of Terschelling, The Netherlands. In addition, species ofHypogymnia, Parmelia andUsnea, which usually grow on trees, occurred here terrestrially on moss carpets or bare sand. These vegetation types are still present on the Noordsvaarder, a nature reserve in the western part of the island. They occur on parts of seven dune ridges parallel to the coast and form a chronosequence in which age increases with distance from the sea. Our study found the highest lichen diversity on the second and third dune ridges in a stage of primary succession that can be assigned to theViolo-Corynephoretum. The changes from lichen-rich to moss-dominated stadia were significantly related to soil development and acidification in connection with the ageing of the dune soil. The superficial cutting of sods in moss-encroached vegetation appeared to be unsuccessful as a management technique for restoring the biodiversity of cryptogams. Our findings suggest that the best option for maintaining lichen vegetation in theViolo-Corynephoretum is the blow-in of sand with a subneutral or neutral pH from reactivated and natural blowouts or from foredunes, with increasing lime content respectively. Nomenclature: Van der Meijden (1990) for higher plants; Touw & Rubers (1989) for mosses; Purvis et al. (1992) for lichens. A set of lichen specimens has been deposited at the herbarium of Dr. A. Aptroot (C.B.S. Baarn) — herbarium code ABL (Taxon 44: 258).     

Evaluation of a lime-mediated sewage sludge stabilisation process. Product characterisation and technological validation for its use in the cement industry

This paper describes an industrial process for stabilising sewage sludge (SS) with lime and evaluates the viability of the stabilised product, denominated Neutral, as a raw material for the cement industry. Lime not only stabilised the sludge, raised the temperature of the mix to 80-100 °C, furthering water evaporation, portlandite formation and the partial oxidation of the organic matter present in the sludge.Process mass and energy balances were determined. Neutral, a white powder consisting of portlandite (49.8%), calcite (16.6%), inorganic oxides (13.4%) and organic matter and moisture (20.2%), proved to be technologically apt for inclusion as a component in cement raw mixes. In this study, it was used instead of limestone in raw mixes clinkerised at 1400, 1450 and 1500 °C. These raw meals exhibited greater reactivity at high temperatures than the limestone product and their calcination at 1500 °C yielded clinker containing over 75% calcium silicates, the key phases in Portland clinker. Finally, the two types of raw meal (Neutral and limestone) were observed to exhibit similar mineralogy and crystal size and distribution.     

Lime as the source of PCDD/F contamination in citrus pulp pellets from Brazil and status of the monitoring program

After an exhaustive investigation, in 1997 the source of the milk contamination in Germany was traced to citrus pulp pellets originating from Brazil. It has been shown that lime was the source of the PCDD/F contamination of these products. After this conclusion, a continuous monitoring program has been performed over a two year period and the results are presented in this paper. Standard isotope dilution techniques were used for all samples, which were analyzed by selected ion monitoring high resolution GC–MS.     

大冶冶炼厂酸性废水处理研究

通过实验Na2S-石灰工艺处理大冶冶炼厂酸性废水,废水中的重金属离子、As和F有毒有害物质除去效果好,处理后的废水达达到国家二级排放标准,而且产生的石膏质量好,达到水泥厂对石膏原料的要求。     

喷射鼓泡反应器湿法烟气脱硫的研究

以中试喷射鼓泡反应器为基础 ,一个石灰湿法烟气脱硫模型被建立。该模型以膜理论为基础 ,包括 SO2 的吸收模型和反应器模型。模型涉及的化学反应被假设为瞬间可逆完成。模型计算结果能较好地与实验值吻合。     

Vegetation succession and lichen diversity on dry coastal calcium-poor dunes and the impact of management experiments

The negative impact of grass and moss encroachment on the botanical diversity of West European coastal dunes attracted increasing attention in the 1990s. This paper focuses on moss encroachment during primary succession in the xeroseries. Until the mid-1970s, vegetation types rich in species of the lichen generaCladonia andCladina were found on the fixed,Corynephorus canescens-dominated, so-called grey dunes all over the island of Terschelling, The Netherlands. In addition, species ofHypogymnia, Parmelia andUsnea, which usually grow on trees, occurred here terrestrially on moss carpets or bare sand. These vegetation types are still present on the Noordsvaarder, a nature reserve in the western part of the island. They occur on parts of seven dune ridges parallel to the coast and form a chronosequence in which age increases with distance from the sea. Our study found the highest lichen diversity on the second and third dune ridges in a stage of primary succession that can be assigned to theViolo-Corynephoretum. The changes from lichen-rich to moss-dominated stadia were significantly related to soil development and acidification in connection with the ageing of the dune soil. The superficial cutting of sods in moss-encroached vegetation appeared to be unsuccessful as a management technique for restoring the biodiversity of cryptogams. Our findings suggest that the best option for maintaining lichen vegetation in theViolo-Corynephoretum is the blow-in of sand with a subneutral or neutral pH from reactivated and natural blowouts or from foredunes, with increasing lime content respectively.     

Laboratory study using paper mill lime mud for agronomic benefit

Annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an important cool-season forage grass in the southeastern US. Since large portions of soils in this region are too acidic for optimum ryegrass production, there exists an opportunity to use lime mud waste from numerous regional pulp and paper mills as an agricultural liming material. In this study, four lime mud application rates, 2.25 (L₁), 4.51 (L₂), 9.01 (L₃), and 22.50 (L₄) ton ha⁻¹, dry weight basis, and a control (L₀) were evaluated for response to ryegrass growth during the first 6 weeks to estimate an optimum application range over the testing soil for future field test. Results indicated that applied lime mud slowed ryegrass germination and seedling emergence, with differences of whole plant length among treatments L₀–L₄ significant only during the first three weeks. Differences of whole plant dry weight among treatments L₀–L₄ reduced thereafter. The initial soil pH increase due to the lime mud application dropped in treatments L₁–L₄ by the end of the 6-week experiment. The optimum lime mud application range was estimated between L₂ and L₃, which provided higher ryegrass yields (kg ha⁻¹) of 84 and 80 over 77 of the control and complied with the Code of Federal Regulation, CFR 40 Part 503 for land application.