煤焦油加氢制燃料油的试验研究

实验室研究利用煤焦油研制汽柴油替代品燃料油.以高温煤焦油为原料,选择加氢保护剂、脱金属剂及加氢精制催化剂,采用加氢工艺,脱除煤焦油中硫、氮、氧和金属等有害杂质,使煤焦油中烯烃饱和,从而改善煤焦油质量,制得合格的汽油、柴油替代品燃料油.     

基于消费者购车决策的购置税、燃油税节能减排效应分析

本文基于中国乘用车市场车型层面微观数据,采用前沿的需求模型估计方法,通过反事实分析,实证模拟了燃油税与购置税税率变动作用于消费者购车决策的价格收入效应与替代效应,进而从需求侧探究购置税与燃油税实现节能减排的微观经济学机制,兼论环境税对企业和社会总福利的影响。结论表明：燃油税具有显著的价格变动收入效应,即促使更多消费者放弃驾车出行模式,购置税具有显著的价格变动替代效应,即促使消费者选择购买小排量车型。在这样的机制下,组合税对需求的影响更多地取决于购置税,即购置税的价格替代效应超过燃油税的价格收入效应。这使得组合税在样本期并未实现总量上的节能减排,但税收组合政策使得中国乘用车市场车型平均油耗降低。从时间趋势来看,燃油税节能减排效应具有时间稳定性,购置税减排效果具有很大的波动性。从税制福利效应来看,组合税制的税收效应更多地向消费者市场转移。总的来看,燃油税与购置税的组合税政策并未实现“1+1＞ 2”的效应,未来减排工作的核心应在于通过调整和匹配税率,以实现组合税最优的政策效果。     

加入多孔球形颗粒微生物燃料电池的性能研究

设计了一个典型的双室微生物燃料电池,并考察了在阳极室加入多孔球形颗粒条件下对人工合成污水产电性能的影响。实验发现,加入多孔球形颗粒后,最高电压从不加颗粒的253 mV提高到280 mV,持续产电时间从5.5 d提高到8 d,COD去除率从78%提高到82.6%。进一步的实验发现,加入多孔球形颗粒后,系统内阻从286Ω降低到199.4Ω,最大功率密度从78.6 mW/m2提高到114.3 mW/m2。结果表明,微生物易于在多孔球形颗粒上附着和生长,颗粒通过均匀搅拌与阳极表面产生持续碰撞,有利于胞外电子传递到阳极,这一过程大大减小阳极的内阻,增大电池的输出电压进而增大输出功率,从而显著提高电池的产电性能。     

可燃固废复合燃料的固硫固氯效果

以可燃垃圾、污水污泥和煤粉为原料,添加园林残余、固硫剂等按L16(45)正交表配料,采用机械成型设备制备固废复合燃料,研究燃料组分对固硫固氯效果的影响。固硫率、固氯率实验数据的极差、方差分析结果显示:CaO添加量对固硫率、固氯率的影响最显著;MnO2添加量对固氯率的影响仅次于CaO添加量,但对固硫率没有影响。运用ForStat 2.0统计软件建立了固硫率、固氯率指标的预测方程,置信度大于95%。应用综合评分法筛选出最佳固硫固氯效果的燃料制备配方为:A2B3C2D3,即垃圾、污泥、煤粉以2∶1∶1比例混合,园林残余为10%,助燃剂MnO2添加量为0.17%,固硫剂CaO添加1.2%时所制备的燃料,燃烧中固硫率可达74.55%,固氯率可达77.35%。     

A study of the atmospheric dispersion of a high release of krypton-85 above a complex coastal terrain, comparison with the predictions of Gaussian models (Briggs, Doury, ADMS4)

Atmospheric releases of krypton-85, from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the AREVA NC facility at La Hague (France), were used to test Gaussian models of dispersion. In 2001-2002, the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) studied the atmospheric dispersion of 15 releases, using krypton-85 as a tracer for plumes emitted from two 100-m-high stacks. Krypton-85 is a chemically inert radionuclide. Krypton-85 air concentration measurements were performed on the ground in the downwind direction, at distances between 0.36 and 3.3 km from the release, by neutral or slightly unstable atmospheric conditions. The standard deviation for the horizontal dispersion of the plume and the Atmospheric Transfer Coefficient (ATC) were determined from these measurements. The experimental results were compared with calculations using first generation (Doury, Briggs) and second generation (ADMS 4.0) Gaussian models. The ADMS 4.0 model was used in two configurations; one takes account of the effect of the built-up area, and the other the effect of the roughness of the surface on the plume dispersion. Only the Briggs model correctly reproduced the measured values for the width of the plume, whereas the ADMS 4.0 model overestimated it and the Doury model underestimated it. The agreement of the models with measured values of the ATC varied according to distance from the release point. For distances less than 2 km from the release point, the ADMS 4.0 model achieved the best agreement between model and measurement; beyond this distance, the best agreement was achieved by the Briggs and Doury models.     

Assessing deposition levels of 55Fe, 60Co and 63Ni in the Ignalina NPP environment

Two RBMK-1500 reactor units operated in Lithuania in the 1987-2004 period (one of them was stopped for decommissioning in 2004). This study presents a preliminary investigation of surface deposition density levels of ⁵⁵Fe and ⁶³Ni in moss samples collected in the close vicinity of the Ignalina NPP. Non-destructive analysis by the HPGe gamma-spectrometry was followed by radiochemical separation. Radiochemical analysis was based on anion-exchange and extraction chromatography. ⁵⁵Fe and ⁶³Ni activities were measured by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The results indicate that the deposition values of ⁵⁵Fe are generally higher than those of ⁶⁰Co and ⁶³Ni.     

新型垃圾衍生燃料制备工艺

介绍了一项新型垃圾衍生燃料RDF制备技术。该技术通过改变现有焚烧炉工作状况入手,利用专有技术对南方高湿混合生活垃圾进行预处理制成衍生燃料后再进行焚烧,降低了垃圾焚烧处理对原料、热值及水分的要求,提高了焚烧法处理垃圾的适用范围,减少了能耗及成本,提高了处理能力和热能输出,极大降低了焚烧尾气所造成的二次污染,实现了重要技术突破。     

以养殖废水为底料的微生物燃料电池产电性能与水质净化效果

以养殖场沼泥为接种物,构建了乙二胺、三氯化铁改性碳毡阳极的单室无膜微生物燃料电池,探讨了2种阳极改性电池的产电规律,考察了其去除养殖废水中COD、氨氮的效果以及臭味的表观性状变化。结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,乙二胺、三氯化铁改性阳极微生物燃料电池在启动20 d和22 d后分别达到稳定,输出电压分别为0.514 V和0.527V(外阻为500Ω),对应输出功率密度分别为332 mW/m2和349 mW/m2。逐渐增大废水投加比例至原水时,2个电池的最大功率密度分别为208 mW/m2和158 mW/m2,COD去除率分别为85%和78%,氨氮去除率分别为52%和45%。此外,养殖废水的臭味去除效果明显。因此,构建的2种改性阳极微生物燃料电池可以利用养殖废水产电,同时使水质得到一定程度的净化。     

Experimental investigation and modelling of tritium washout by precipitation in the area of the nuclear power plant of Paks, Hungary

Tritium occurs in nature in trace amounts, but its concentration is changing due to natural and artificial sources. Studies focusing on natural tritium have to take into account the effect of artificial sources. Also, the impact of tritium is an important issue in environmental protection, e.g. in connection with the emissions from nuclear power plants. The present work focuses on the rain washout of tritium emitted from the Paks nuclear power plant in Hungary. Rainwater collectors were placed around the plant and after a period of precipitation, rainwater was collected and analysed for tritium content. Samples were analysed using low-level liquid scintillation counting, with some also subject to the more accurate ³He ingrowth method. The results clearly show the trace of the tritium plume emitted from the plant; however, values are only about one order of magnitude higher than environmental background levels. A washout model was devised to estimate the distribution of tritium around the plant. The model gives slightly higher concentrations than those measured in the field, but in general the agreement is satisfactory. The modelled values demonstrate that the effect of the plant on rainwater tritium levels is negligible over a distance of some kilometres.     

Tritium concentrations in the atmospheric environment at Rokkasho, Japan before the final testing of the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

This study aimed at obtaining background tritium concentrations in precipitation and air at Rokkasho where the first commercial spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Japan has been under construction. Tritium concentration in monthly precipitation during fiscal years 2001-2005 had a seasonal variation pattern which was high in spring and low in summer. The tritium concentration was higher than that observed at Chiba City as a whole. The seasonal peak concentration at Rokkasho was generally higher than that at Chiba City, while the baseline concentrations of both were similar. The reason for the difference may be the effect of air mass from the Asian continent which is considered to have high tritium concentration. Atmospheric tritium was operationally separated into HTO, HT and hydrocarbon (CH₃T) fractions, and the samples collected every 3 d-14 d during fiscal year 2005 were analyzed for these fractions. The HTO concentration as radioactivity in water correlated well with that in the precipitation samples. The HT concentration was the highest among the chemical forms analyzed, followed by the HTO and CH₃T concentrations. The HT and CH₃T concentrations did not have clear seasonal variation patterns. The HT concentration followed the decline previously reported by Mason and Östlund with an apparent half-life of 4.8 y. The apparent and environmental half-lives of CH₃T were estimated as 9.2 y and 36.5 y, respectively, by combining the present data with literature data. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change used the atmospheric lifetime of 12 y for CH₄ to estimate global warming in its 2007 report. The longer environmental half-life of CH₃T suggested its supply from other sources than past nuclear weapon testing in the atmosphere.