以苯酚为燃料的微生物燃料电池产电特性

选取城市污水处理厂的好氧和厌氧混合污泥作为接种液,构建了双极室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC),对以葡萄糖、葡萄糖和苯酚、苯酚为不同燃料的MFC进行了有机物降解和产能效果的研究.试验结果表明,以葡萄糖为单一燃料时MFC的启动时间最短,以苯酚为单一燃料时MFC启动时间最长.MFC在不同燃料来源条件下对苯酚去除率均大于85%,COD去除率超过80%.MFC的连续运行试验结果表明,在1000Ω外电阻条件下,以葡萄糖为单一燃料的MFC运行周期最长,可达400h,最大输出电压为551mV,功率密度为 121 mW·m-2(阳极);以葡萄糖和苯酚为混合燃料的MFC运行周期约200h,最大输出电压为208mV,功率密度为 16mW·m-2(阳极);而以苯酚为单一燃料的MFC运行周期仅约为100h,最大输出电压为121mV,功率密度为 6 mW·m-2(阳极).试验结果最终表明,MFC能够利用苯酚作为燃料,在实现高效降解的同时可稳定地向外输出电能,这为酚类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路.     

1株产电假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp.）RE7的分离及特性研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极微生物的种类和作用机制对MFC的产电性能有着重要的影响.从已稳定运行1 a的MFC的阳极室分离得到1株电化学活性革兰氏阴性细菌——菌株RE7,其16S rRNA基因序列与Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CMG 587有99%同源性,属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）.利用菌株RE7构建的MFC的稳定产电和循环伏安曲线测定结果都表明,菌株RE7具有较强的电化学活性,利用菌株RE7构建的MFC的最大输出电压为352 mV,相应的最大面积功率密度为69.2 mW/m²,体积最大功率密度为6.2 W/m³.由不同稀释比例的MFC排出液的产电效果比较可知,菌株RE7极有可能是通过自身分泌的氧化还原类物质进行电子传递.     

基于船舶实时排放和烟羽在线监测的燃油硫含量识别方法研究

船用燃油超标识别方法的建立和技术发展是进行船舶排放控制区（Domestic Emission Control Areas,DECA）政策执行的重要保障.本研究建立了基于船舶自动识别系统（Automatic Identification System,AIS）数据的船舶排放实时计算模型和岸基环境观测相结合的技术方法,选取上海吴淞口航道水域开展实地外场观测实验,实现了对观测船只排放烟羽中SO₂和NO₂浓度的在线观测和对燃油硫含量（Fuel Sulfur Content,FSC）进行同步识别和反算.观测期间,通过差分吸收光谱（Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy,DOAS）技术共捕捉到1505艘次船舶的烟羽.经过观测截面的船舶总吨位为30~14308 t,船舶排放烟羽浓度峰值的平均持续时间为3~10 min.受船舶烟羽影响期间,SO₂和NO₂的浓度增量分别在0.03~35.51 ppb和0.02~39.26 ppb之间,实时排放模型估算出SO₂和NO₂的排放强度分别为1.32~28.06 g·min^-1和2.89~123.80 g·min^-1.结合在线观测和实时排放模型基于硫氮比对船用燃油硫含量进行反算识别,并与实测燃油硫含量数据样本进行对比验证,结果表明,实际燃油硫含量在0.05%以上时,反算硫含量数值误差在10%以内.本研究可为船舶燃油超标识别提供新的技术思路,并为船舶排放控制区政策落实提供科学基础.     

Enhancing sensitivity of microbial fuel cell sensors for low concentration biodegradable organic matter detection: Regulation of substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance

The relatively low sensitivity is an important reason for restricting the microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors’ application in low concentration biodegradable organic matter (BOM) detection. The startup parameters, including substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance, were regulated to enhance the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The results demonstrated that both the substrate concentration and anode area were positively correlated with the sensitivity of MFC sensors, and an external resistance of 210 Ω was found to be optimal in terms of sensitivity of MFC sensors. Optimized MFC sensors had lower detection limit (1 mg/L) and higher sensitivity (Slope value of the linear regression curve was 1.02), which effectively overcome the limitation of low concentration BOM detection. The essential reason is that optimized MFC sensors had higher coulombic efficiency, which was beneficial to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The main impact of the substrate concentration and anode area was to regulate the proportion between electrogens and nonelectrogens, biomass and living cells of the anode biofilm. The external resistance mainly affected the morphology structure and the proportion of living cells of the anode. This study demonstrated an effective way to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors for low concentration BOM detection.     

Sample preparation and biomass determination of SRF model mixture using cryogenic milling and the adapted balance method

The biogenic fraction of a simple solid recovered fuel (SRF) mixture (80 wt% printer paper/20 wt% high density polyethylene) is analyzed with the in-house developed adapted balance method (aBM). This fairly new approach is a combination of combustion elemental analysis (CHNS) and a data reconciliation algorithm based on successive linearisation for evaluation of the analysis results. This method shows a great potential as an alternative way to determine the biomass content in SRF. However, the employed analytical technique (CHNS elemental analysis) restricts the probed sample mass to low amounts in the range of a few hundred milligrams. This requires sample comminution to small grain sizes (<200 μm) to generate representative SRF specimen. This is not easily accomplished for certain material mixtures (e.g. SRF with rubber content) by conventional means of sample size reduction.This paper presents a proof of principle investigation of the sample preparation and analysis of an SRF model mixture with the use of cryogenic impact milling (final sample comminution) and the adapted balance method (determination of biomass content). The so derived sample preparation methodology (cutting mills and cryogenic impact milling) shows a better performance in accuracy and precision for the determination of the biomass content than one solely based on cutting mills. The results for the determination of the biogenic fraction are within 1–5% of the data obtained by the reference methods, selective dissolution method (SDM) and ¹⁴C-method (¹⁴C-M).     

降低汽车尾气对大气的污染

简要叙述了汽车尾气对环境的危害，阐述了LPG、CNG、LNG、清洁汽油的环保效益，以及不同种类清洁燃料的适用范围，提出改善燃油质量，使用清洁燃料，降低汽车尾气对大气的污染。     

A simple method for predicting of mass burning rates in compartment fires

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用于处理精细水煤浆燃后烟气的小型管式电除尘器的设计

水煤浆是一种煤基代油燃料 ,精细水煤浆作为水煤浆中的精品 ,在家用取暖锅炉中燃用将成为现实。本试验以管式电除尘为基础 ,模拟烟气并进行单元电除尘试验 ,通过 - 特性曲线确定管体为直径 30 mm、有效长度 2 0 cm的不锈钢管 ,电晕线为 0 .5 mm的圆形不锈钢线 ,确定二次工作电压为 7.5 k V;通过单元试验 ,确定流量为 2 5 L /min时烟尘的驱进速度为 11.16 cm /s;以试验结论为依据进行小型管式电除尘器的设计 ,在烟气排放量为 12 3m3/h,烟气浓度为1.16 g/m3时 ,需单管 5 6根 ,其外形尺寸为 2 2 .4 cm× 2 5 .6 cm× 2 0 cm,运行耗电量为 0 .2 0 k W·h。     

机动车代用燃料的尾气污染分析

通过对机动车代用燃料的ＣＯ、ＮＯＸ、ＨＣ及烟度等排放情况的分析，指出代用燃料在减轻机动车尾气污染、保护城市环境方面一般有着较好的表现，认为大力发展代用燃料是提高城市大气环境质量的有效途径。     

应用pH—ORP计自动控制液氯氧化含氰废水

排放量较大的含氰电镀废水,在碱性氯化法处理中以液氯为氧化剂,用PH—ORP计自动控制反应条件和反应终点。该方法自动化程度高,处理效果较好,运行费用低。