Determination of carazolol in pharmaceutical formulations by gas‐liquid‐chromatography (GLC)

A gas‐liquid‐chromatographic procedure for the quantitative determination of authentic carazolol and carazolol in tablets (Conducton^(R)?) has been described. Carazolol in tablets was extracted with absolute alcohol before injecting onto the gas Chromatograph. The concentration range adopted varied between 0.2 mg to 1.0 mg/ml of carazolol in alcohol solution. The results obtained were 97.6%±3.2 and 98.4%±2.6 for the stated and added amounts respectively.     

Chip-scale calorimeters: Potential uses in chemical engineering

This work illustrates the potential use of chip-scale calorimeters in typical applications found in chemical engineering including thermal hazard screening, material characterization, and mixing compatibility screening. Experimental results were obtained from two liquid nanocalorimeters and one thermal conductivity sensor designed and commercialized by Xensor Integration, and from two microfabricated calorimeter prototypes developed at Texas A&M University and University of Louisiana at Lafayette.     

Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic Ocean. the Consequences of Past Dumping and Opportunities for Future Prevention

The view is expressed that the assessment of disposal of nuclear waste in the ocean (specifically the Arctic and Kara Seas) is critical to understanding Arctic pollution. Much needs to be done in deciding what we should do, even though many wastes are long-standing and persistent. in 1993, disclosures about Russian dumping of submarine nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel, and other radioactive wastes into the Arctic Ocean brought this region and its problems into the world spotlight and raised public concerns about the resulting health and environmental risks. As a result of this concern, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment published a 1995 study, Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 1995). This paper summarises and updates that study.     

Resolving future fire management conflicts using multicriteria decision making

Management strategies to reduce the risks to human life and property from wildfire commonly involve burning native vegetation. However, planned burning can conflict with other societal objectives such as human health and biodiversity conservation. These conflicts are likely to intensify as fire regimes change under future climates and as growing human populations encroach farther into fire‐prone ecosystems. Decisions about managing fire risks are therefore complex and warrant more sophisticated approaches than are typically used. We applied a multicriteria decision making approach (MCDA) with the potential to improve fire management outcomes to the case of a highly populated, biodiverse, and flammable wildland–urban interface. We considered the effects of 22 planned burning options on 8 objectives: house protection, maximizing water quality, minimizing carbon emissions and impacts on human health, and minimizing declines of 5 distinct species types. The MCDA identified a small number of management options (burning forest adjacent to houses) that performed well for most objectives, but not for one species type (arboreal mammal) or for water quality. Although MCDA made the conflict between objectives explicit, resolution of the problem depended on the weighting assigned to each objective. Additive weighting of criteria traded off the arboreal mammal and water quality objectives for other objectives. Multiplicative weighting identified scenarios that avoided poor outcomes for any objective, which is important for avoiding potentially irreversible biodiversity losses. To distinguish reliably among management options, future work should focus on reducing uncertainty in outcomes across a range of objectives. Considering management actions that have more predictable outcomes than landscape fuel management will be important. We found that, where data were adequate, an MCDA can support decision making in the complex and often conflicted area of fire management.     

北京市衍生燃料法处置低品质塑料包装的环境影响

采用生命周期评价法对北京市2种衍生燃料(RDF)法处置低品质塑料包装废物的环境影响进行评价,并与填埋和焚烧处置进行比较. 通过现场及资料调研获得所有生命周期阶段的能量物质输入、输出和环境外排数据. 发电量计算是通过实地调查生活垃圾中低品质塑料包装废物组成特性,用氧弹式量热计测定各组分热值后折算成单位热值,再与北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂G单位热值生活垃圾发电量的调研结果类比,得出其对应的发电量. 结果表明:低品质塑料包装废物的4种处置方式环境影响潜值为直接作为RDF焚烧发电<干燥热压RDF焚烧发电<焚烧<填埋,这4种处置方式的环境影响潜值分别为－0.064 9,0.009 0,0.024 1和0.152 8 Pt. 直接作为RDF处置方式的环境影响主要集中在无机物对健康损害方面;干燥热压RDF处置的环境影响主要集中在无机物对健康损害和化石燃料方面;焚烧和填埋的环境影响主要集中在气候变化和致癌方面.      

不同接种条件下微生物燃料电池产电特性分析

比较了11种不同来源的接种物对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响,并考察了接种污泥的TCOD和pH值等特性对电池产电情况的影响.结果表明,以华南农业大学资源环境学院新肥室沼气池污泥为接种物的燃料电池产电效果最好,产生的最大电压为0.53V(外电阻为500Ω),最大功率密度达到9.12W/m3.污泥的初始TCOD越高,所产生的电能越多;而pH值在5.6~7.8范围内时,对MFC产电能力的影响不大.通过扫描电镜对阳极表面微生物的观察发现,不同接种物电池阳极富集的微生物存在很大差异,这可能是影响微生物燃料电池产电性能的最主要因素之一.     

盐度对MFC产电及其微生物群落的影响

本文研究了模拟废水中不同盐度对微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC)性能的影响.当向MFC中依次添加0,20,40,60,70g/L NaCl时,MFC的最大输出电压从660mV下降到130mV,库仑效率也从67%下降到4%.如果向MFC中直接添加40g/L和70g/L NaCl并运行两个周期后,MFC无电能输出,然而,停止添加NaCl(盐度解除)后MFC产电性能能够在60h内恢复.此外,当盐度高于40g/L NaCl时,阳极微生物群落发生明显的变化.研究结果可为MFC或其他生物反应器处理盐度废水提供一定的依据.     

污泥-煤复合燃料的成型干化工艺研究

为实现污泥的能源化利用,采用成型干化工艺制备污泥-煤复合燃料,研究了不同污泥含水率,添加比例,冷压成型压力等因素对复合燃料成型的影响,以及不同温度条件下复合燃料的干化特点.结果表明较好的工艺条件为:污泥初始含水率60%~70%,成型时固含70%~80%.10~30MPa范围内成型压力对落下强度影响较小.制备得到的成型燃料的落下强度可达到采用商用黏结剂制备得到的型煤水平. 混合成型后的污泥复合燃料,和污泥相比明显有利于水分的扩散和挥发,可在室温及不高于100℃条件下可以得到快速干化,实现污泥脱水及能源化利用的目的.     

Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.     

燃煤烟气汞排放与控制研究进展

近年来,煤燃烧烟气汞排放加剧。针对燃煤中汞的形态分布以及各种影响因素进行分析和综述,对炉内脱汞和烟气汞排放的控制方法的原理和技术进行了总结和分析。