电极面积对无质子交换膜微生物燃料电池协同去污能力的影响

以间距是180μm的不锈钢网为电极,构建了单室型无质子交换膜微生物燃料电池(MFC)污水处理系统。分别驯化、培养厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,厌氧消化菌在阳极附着成膜组成生物阳极氧化去除有机污染物,反硝化菌在阴极附着成膜组成生物阴极反硝化去除含氮污染物,研究了电极面积对污染物协同去除能力的影响。当电极面积为45 mm×100mm和45 mm×50 mm时,两系统的开路电压最大值分别为(182.8±6.2)mV和(161.8±5.4)mV,COD、NH4+-N和NO3--N最大去除率分别为96.5%、99.7%、99.7%和85.4%、92.2%、97.9%;出水中NO2--N的含量分别低于(0.072±0.006)mg/L和(0.084±0.008)mg/L。这表明电极面积大的系统具有较好的有机污染物和含氮污染物协同去除能力。     

铁炭微电解法深度处理燃料乙醇生产废水

采用铁炭微电解法深度处理燃料乙醇生产废水,考察了初始pH、水力停留时间、铁炭质量比和曝气量对废水处理效果的影响,并对该技术应用于燃料乙醇废水深度处理的经济性进行了评价。结果表明,在初始pH值3.5、水力停留时间40 min、铁炭质量比2∶1、曝气量为1 m3/h时,获得了较好的处理效果,废水经处理后,COD均值为37.8 mg/L,BOD5为13.9 mg/L,色度为10.1倍,浊度为1.2 NTU,达到工业用水回用的标准(GB/T 19923-2005)。将此工艺应用于燃料乙醇生产废水的处理,处理费用约为1.46元/t,具有较好的社会、经济和环保效益。     

Effect of Manure on Glyphosate and Trifluralin Mineralization in Soil

Manure additions to soil may alter soil chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, and thereby change pesticide fate processes in soil. This is the first study to examine the impact of liquid hog manure amendments on glyphosate and trifluralin mineralization in soil. Experiments were conducted in soil microcosms in the laboratory for a total of 332 (glyphosate) and 430 (trifluralin) days. The rate and amount of mineralization of both glyphosate and trifluralin were significantly influenced by the additions of fresh manure to soil in the laboratory and by the history of manure applications in the field. However, the maximum difference in herbicide mineralization between soils that were free of manure application and those amended with manure in the field or in the laboratory was only 6.1% and 7.3% of that initially applied, for trifluralin and glyphosate, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that liquid hog manure application to soil will have no significant effect on the mineralization of glyphosate and trifluralin under field conditions.     

阴极负载不同催化剂对天然水体中沉积物微生物燃料电池运行特性的影响

考察了阴极负载Co₃O₄和MnOOH对天然水体中沉积物微生物燃料电池（SMFC）产电性能和SMFC对沉积物中有机质去除率的影响。实验结果表明,SMFC阴极负载Co₃O₄和MnOOH后,体系的输出电压由483 mV增大到549 mV和534 mV;相应体系的内阻由206 Ω显著降低到99 Ω和128 Ω,最大功率密度（Pmax）由3.3 mW/m²增大到9.1 mW/m²和6.6 mW/m²。此外,SMFC体系的电流密度与沉积物中烧失量（LOI）、易氧化有机质（ROOM）去除率呈线性关系,并且阴极负载Co₃O₄和MnOOH可以促进阳极沉积物中有机质的去除。     

浅谈粉煤灰的资源化利用现状

粉煤灰是电力行业排放的主要固体废弃物,对其的资源化利用已成为环保的首要任务。对粉煤灰进行高附加值的资源化回收利用,是实现可持续发展的必经之路。介绍了大唐国际成功开发研制的从高铝粉煤灰中提取氧化铝技术,开辟了粉煤灰综合利用的新途径。     

Future U.S. Water Consumption: The Role of Energy Production1

Elcock, Deborah, 2010. Future U.S. Water Consumption: The Role of Energy Production. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):447-460. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00413.x Abstract: This study investigates how meeting domestic energy production targets for both fossil and renewable fuels may affect future water demand. It combines projections of energy production developed by the U.S. Department of Energy with estimates of water consumption on a per-unit basis (water-consumption coefficients) for coal, oil, gas, and biofuels production, to estimate and compare the domestic freshwater consumed. Although total domestic freshwater consumption is expected to increase by nearly 7% between 2005 and 2030, water consumed for energy production is expected to increase by nearly 70%, and water consumed for biofuels (biodiesel and ethanol) production is expected to increase by almost 250%. By 2030, water consumed in the production of biofuels is projected to account for nearly half of the total amount of water consumed in the production of all energy fuels. Most of this is for irrigation, and the West North Central Region is projected to consume most of this water in 2030. These findings identify an important potential future conflict between renewable energy production and water availability that warrants further investigation and action to ensure that future domestic energy demand can be met in an economically efficient and environmentally sustainable manner.     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池同步除碳脱氮产电性能影响因素

研究了厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池(AFB-MFC)除碳脱氮产电性能的影响因素。结果表明:(1)AFB-MFC对NH4+-N的去除不起作用。电压下降主要是由于进水有机基质浓度下降造成。(2)不添加NO3--N时,在满足AFB-MFC脱氮所需的电子供体条件下增加进水COD/TN有利于AFB-MFC产电。(3)3种无机氮共存下,AFB-MFC在进水有机碳与无机氮质量比(C/N)不低于1.37时,对COD、NO2--N和NO3--N具有理想的去除效果。AFB-MFB在一定进水C/N范围内(1.37～2.50),能得到稳定的输出电压及功率密度。(4)固定进水C/N时,AFB-MFC在高碳氮负荷下仍能得到较理想的NO2--N、NO3--N、COD去除效果,AFB-MFC对NH4+-N去除效果不明显;增加碳氮负荷,AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度没有明显的改变。(5)有机基质浓度不变下,AFB-MFC中充足的电子供体可保证较高的NO3--N、COD去除率。AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度随着时间延长而先增加至稳定值后下降。     

Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants at the Spanish Mediterranean area of Valencia

A survey on the presence of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater of a Spanish Mediterranean area (Castellon province) was carried out. The scope of the study included a wide variety of pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutical classes. For this purpose, 112 samples, including influent and effluent wastewater, from different conventional wastewater treatment plants were collected. Two monitoring programmes were carried out along several seasons. The first was in June 2008 and January 2009, and the second in April and October 2009. During the first monitoring, the occurrence of 20 analytes in 84 urban wastewater samples (influent and effluent) was studied. The selection of these pharmaceuticals was mainly based on consumption. From these, 17 compounds were detected in the samples, with analgesics and anti-inflammatories, cholesterol lowering statin drugs and lipid regulators being the most frequently detected groups. 4-Aminoantipyrine, bezafibrate, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ketoprofen, naproxen and venlafaxine were the compounds most frequently found. In the highlight of these results, the number of analytes was increased up to around 50. A lot of antibiotic compounds were added to the target list as they were considered “priority pharmaceuticals” due to their more potential hazardous effects in the aquatic environment. Data obtained during the second monitoring programme (spring and autumn) corroborated the results from the first one (summer and winter). Analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators together with quinolone and macrolide antibiotics were the most abundant pharmaceuticals. Similar median concentrations were found over the year and seasonal variation was not clearly observed. The removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals in the wastewater treatment plants was roughly evaluated. Our results indicated that elimination of most of the selected compounds occurred during the treatment process of influent wastewater, although it was incomplete.     

Endocrine disrupting activities in sewage effluent and river water determined by chemical analysis and in vitro assay in the context of granular activated carbon upgrade

As part of endocrine disruption in catchments (EDCAT) programme, this work aims to assess the temporal and spatial variations of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in River Ray, before and after the commissioning of a full-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) plant at a sewage treatment works (STW). Through spot and passive sampling from effluent and river sites, estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities were determined by chemical analysis and in vitro bio-assay. A correlation was found between chemical analyses of the most potent estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) and yeast estrogen screen (YES) measurement, both showing clearly a reduction in estrogenic activity after the commissioning of the GAC plant at the STW. During the study period, the annual average concentrations of E1, E2 and EE2 had decreased from 3.5 ng L⁻¹, 3.1 ng L⁻¹ and 0.5 ng L⁻¹ to below their limit of detection (LOD), respectively, with a concentration reduction of at least 91%, 81% and 60%. Annual mean estrogenic activity measured by YES of spot samples varied from 1.9 ng L⁻¹ to 0.4 ng L⁻¹ E2 equivalent between 2006 and 2008 representing a 79% reduction. Similarly, anti-androgenic activity measured by yeast anti-androgen screen (anti-YAS) of spot samples was reduced from 148.8 to 22.4 μg flutamide L⁻¹, or by 85%. YES and anti-YAS values were related to each other, suggesting co-existence of both types of activities from chemical mixtures in environmental samples. The findings confirm the effectiveness of a full-scale GAC in removing both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities from sewage effluent.     

Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust

The main objective of this study was to create a robust analytical method to analyse the flame retardants decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in house dust in order to estimate the degree of contamination of indoor environment. A liquid chromatography method equipped with a UV-detector and electro spray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve this result. Applying an external calibration for BDE-209, an internal calibration for TBBPA, and a standard addition method for HBCD low limits of quantification were obtained. The analytical procedure was carried out under exclusion of UV-light as the target compounds potentially degrade when being exposed to UV-light. Empirical data were obtained in addition to the dust samples to estimate potential influences of apartment characteristics. A weak correlation between the number of electric devices and TBBPA was found.