液/液界面电化学法在环境监测中的应用进展

介绍了液／液界面电化学的原理、实验方法和研究进展,综述了液／液界面离子转移反应基础上的电化学分析方法在环境监测中的应用。作为一种新方法测定离子载体及能与其形成络合物的金属离子组分的浓度,它具有简便、快捷、经济实用等特点。     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

多户型热量表的研制

本文论述了热量测量原理,多户型热量表的软件、硬件设计思想和方法。建立了温度传感器、流量传感器的数学模型。经过在实验小区的试运行,证明其省电节能,管理方便,测量准确。     

高效液相色谱法分离和测定甲醛和苯酚

本文讨论了高效液相色谱分离和测定甲醛和苯酚的条件，并对酚醛树脂生产废水进行了实际测定，结果令人满意。     

Relationship between electrogenic performance and physiological change of four wetland plants in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells during non-growing seasons

To find suitable wetland plants for constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells(CW-MFCs),four commonly used wetland plants, including Canna indica, Cyperus alternifolius L., Acorus calamus, and Arundo donax, were investigated for their electrogenic performance and physiological changes during non-growing seasons. The maximum power output of12.82 mW/m~2 was achieved in the A. donax CW-MFC only when root exudates were being released. The results also showed that use of an additional carbon source could remarkably improve the performance of electricity generation in the C. indica and A. donax CW-MFCs at relatively low temperatures(2–15°C). However, A. calamus withered before the end of the experiment, whereas the other three plants survived the winter safely, although their relative growth rate values and the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) significantly declined, and free proline and malondialdehyde significantly accumulated in their leaves.On the basis of correlation analysis, temperature had a greater effect on plant physiology than voltage. The results offer a valuable reference for plant selection for CW-MFCs.     

怠速起停对汽油车油耗及颗粒数量排放的影响

以一辆配置怠速起停系统的国V缸内直喷汽油车为研究对象,使用底盘测功机试验系统、全流稀释采样系统和固态颗粒计数系统,试验研究怠速起停对缸内直喷汽油车油耗与颗粒数量排放的影响,并分析起动温度、试验循环等因素的影响.结果表明,NEDC循环车辆冷机起动时,车辆怠速起停系统开启的百公里油耗降低了5.1%,颗粒数量排放升高了16.7%;车辆热机起动,怠速起停开启产生的百公里油耗降幅增大到7.3%,颗粒数量排放升幅减小至9.3%;WLTC循环热机起动,车辆怠速起停系统开启的百公里油耗降幅减少到1.7%,颗粒数量排放升幅减少到6.2%.怠速起停有利于降低汽车的百公里油耗,但不利于缸内直喷汽油车颗粒数量排放的控制.     

光合微生物燃料电池处理餐厨沼液的性能研究

采用小球藻作为双室光合藻微生物燃料电池（PAMFC）的阴极以提供电子受体,实现污水处理和能量回收的双重目的.研究生物阴极接种方式和光照条件对生物产电性能和餐厨沼液废水处理效果的影响,并通过循环伏安法（CV）研究PAMFC电极极化和产电机制.结果表明：微藻生物膜阴极PAMFC污染物去除和产电性能表现优于对照组,COD,TN和TP去除率最高可达82.4%,54.5%和82.3%,开路电压和最大功率密度分别达603.0mV和41.5mW/m².污染物去除主要在阳极发生,但阴极能够还原去除来自阳极的铵根离子,且阴极反应产生氧气作为阳极的电子受体,增大系统电流,提高了阳极处理效率.持续光照下,PAMFC产电性能和污染物去除率略高于间歇光照,但是间歇光照可以避免阳极基质不足时阴极光饱和和氧饱和情况,更符合连续运行要求.PAMFC阴极的CV曲线显示,具有微藻阴极的实验组输出电压更大,还原峰更高,功率密度更强,但需注意长期运行时微藻生物膜增厚影响氧传质效率的问题.     

电导率对厌氧产酸、正渗透与微生物燃料电池耦合工艺运行性能的影响

将厌氧产酸(AA)、正渗透技术(FO)与微生物燃料电池(MFC)进行耦合,构建了用于污水处理的AAFO-MFC耦合工艺,实现污水的同步产电和回用.由于电导率是AAFO-MFC运行的关键因素,考察了电导率对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,较高的电导率可以降低MFC的内阻,提高产电,但是会加重FO膜污染,导致FO膜通量快速衰减,缩短运行时间.电导率对出水水质并没有显著影响,FO膜出水的总有机碳(TOC)和总磷(TP)浓度分别低于4 mg·L~(-1)和0.5 mg·L~(-1),但是FO膜对于氨氮(NH+4-N)的截留效果较差.控制反应器内电导率为7~8 m S·cm-1时,系统整体性能表现最佳,可以获得连续且相对稳定的输出电压,而且FO膜通量下降较为缓慢,运行周期达到29 d.