Comparison of conventional and inverted A2/O processes: Phosphorus release and uptake behaviors

Two full-scale systems operated in parallel, a conventional A²/O system consisting of anaerobic, anoxic and oxic compartments in succession and an inverted system consisting of anoxic, anaerobic and oxic compartments without internal recycle, were compared in terms of their phosphorus removal performance, with an emphasis on phosphate (P) release behaviors, using both operational data and simulation results. The inverted system exhibited better long-term phosphorus removal performance (0.2 ± 0.3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7 mg/L), which should be attributed to the higher P release rate (0.79 vs. 0.60 kg P/(kg MLSS·day)) in the non-aerated compartments. The P release occurred in both the anoxic and anaerobic compartments of the inverted system, resulting in more efficient P release. Although the abundances of the ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' population in the two systems were quite similar ((19.1 ± 3.27)% and (18.4 ± 4.15)% of the total microbe (DAPI stained particles) population in the inverted and conventional systems, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)), the high-concentration DAPI staining results show that the abundances of the whole polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the aerobic ends were quite different (the average ratios of the poly-P granules to total microbes (DAPI stained particles) were (45 ± 4.18)% and (35 ± 5.39)%, respectively). Both the operational data and simulation results showed that the inverted system retained more abundant PAO populations due to its special configuration, which permitted efficient P release in the non-aerated compartment and better P removal.     

Spatial and temporal variability of agricultural pollutants in an agricultural headwater stream within a multipond system, southeastern China

The spatial and temporal variability of nutrients and suspended solids were investigated for two years in a 1.8 km agricultural headwater stream, located by Chaohu Lake, southeastern China. The stream form was greatly modified by human activities into channelized, pond and estuary shapes. The stream could be divided into 4 channelized reaches(1.3 km), a pond reach(0.15 km) and 3 estuary reaches(0.36 km). It was found that nutrients and TSS concentrations in the stream showed temporal variability, and higher concentrations occurred in months with high precipitation and intensive agricultural activities. And, retention of total nitrogen ( TN ), nitrate ( NO3-N ),ammonium( NH4^ -N) and total suspended solids (TSS) predominantly occurred in the pond reach and estuary reaches with larger width and low current velocity. Pollutants retained in these reaches accounted for more than 50% of those retained in whole stream. The retention mostly happened in the rain-runoff events and it was 7 to 27 times than that in base flow. The results showed that the channelized reach was the most important source for pollutants release under either runoff or base flow, and its release accounted for more than 90% of whole stream release.There was a high spatial variability of nutrients retention in different channelized reaches. The channelized reach directly discharging into the pond did always retain nutrients and TSS under base flow and runoff conditions, whereas the other channelized reaches performed differently in different hydrological conditions. The high spatial and temporal variability of nutrients and TSS in the stream indicated that anthropogenic disturbance of the agricultural headwater stream, such as channelization and excavation, would be expected to decrease the capacity of nutrients retention in the stream.     

地震应急快速触发响应系统的需求分析与总体设计

介绍了中国数字地震观测网络项目应急分项软件"地震应急快速触发响应系统"的需求分析和总体功能设计,并对各子系统的技术实现方案以及软件的数据流程等内容进行了比较详细的说明。     

室内丙烷连续泄漏扩散浓度变化的数值模拟

探究室内气体燃料泄漏后的扩散特性及危害范围的影响,采用CFD软件FLUENT对室内丙烷连续泄漏扩散浓度变化过程进行数值模拟,研究丙烷的浓度场分布和爆炸浓度范围的变化规律。结果表明:水平射流运动和重力对气体的扩散有显著的影响;墙壁对气体的扩散有阻碍作用,在近壁面处形成高浓度区域;爆炸危险区随泄漏时间的增加而先增大后减小。     

基于锥形量热仪的计算机显示器燃烧特性分析

利用锥形量热仪对计算机显示器材料进行小尺寸燃烧性能试验研究,通过改变锥形量热仪的热辐射强度模拟中、小规模火灾。分析火灾中显示器样品的热释放速率(HRR)、质量损失速率、CO产生率和比消光系数。试验发现当热辐射强度为35 kW/m2时,计算机显示器的热释放速率比其在热辐射强度为75 kW/m2时多一个加速增长阶段,主要原因是在此热辐射强度下,材料热解速度缓慢,表面炭层厚度逐渐增厚,热量积聚后,材料热解速度增大,热释放速率加速达到第二个峰值;显示器材料在2种热辐射强度下的质量损失速率分3个阶段,炭层的包覆作用对其质量燃烧速率影响较小;显示器材料在燃烧过程中CO产生率、比消光系数和质量燃烧速率成线性递增关系。试验结果可反映显示器在真实火灾中的燃烧特性。     

工业固体废弃物中污染物质重金属淋溶释放模式研究

在工业固体废弃物动态柱状淋溶实验的基础上,建立了固体废物的比表面积、固体废弃物的透水率和填埋表层透水率与重金属淋溶的关系,提出了重金属淋溶释放的数学模型的模型分析处理的数学方法,为工业固体废弃物中重金属的释放、预测、评价、控制和管理提供了依据。     

南方红壤丘岗区稻田土壤有机酸含量与甲烷排放率

分别采用分光光度和微机控制气相色谱法同时测定稻田土壤有机酸含量和甲烷排放率,以了解二者之间的关系,结果表明,在不同施肥实验小区,土壤有机酸含量随变化趋势一致,而甲烷放率随时间变化趋势则不尽一致,各小区土壤有机酸含量与甲烷排放率的相关性为全有机肥小区〉常规肥小区〉全化肥小区〉沼渣肥小区。在不同灌水实验小区,土壤有机酸含量与时间变化呈一致趋势,甲烷排放率随时间变化,除定常湿润小区外,也呈一致性趋势。各     

典型建筑装饰材料热释放速率全尺寸火灾实验研究

ISO ROOM 9705火灾实验方法是一种全尺寸实验方法，主要研究室内建筑装饰材料的火灾特性。该实验方法能够模拟真实的火灾条件，因此测试结果比较可靠。该文首先介绍了ISO ROOM实验方法的原理和主要的实验装置，然后通过测量只在壁面装有建筑装饰材料和不同实验条件(包括不同的火源功率和不同的通风状况)下建筑装饰材料的热释放速率(Heat Release Rate)，研究建筑装饰材料的火灾特性。选取的两种典型建筑装饰材料是木工板和九合板。最后通过对比和分析实验数据，得出了一些结论，研究结果对于进一步研究建筑装饰材料的火灾特性具有重要意义。     

城市输气管线火灾事故的风险定量计算

燃气具有易燃、易爆的特性,在输送过程中由于各种因素的影响使管线失效从而导致燃气泄漏,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。笔者对输气管线的失效概率及失效后引发火灾的可能性进行估算,求出了管线的泄漏流量,利用喷射火热辐射模型并依据不同的热毁伤阈值计算事故的伤害破坏半径,为事故发生后的应急救援和疏散提供依据。     

论性能化防火分析中的典型火灾场景方法

火灾场景的设计是性能化防火分析的基础环节。针对可燃物众多、分布不均匀且摆放形式常有变动的大空间建筑,可以使用典型火灾场景的设计方法。在总体阐述的基础上,结合某购物广场火灾场景设定的算例对该方法的原则和步骤进行分析。可以看出,根据火灾荷栽的计算和火灾蔓延可能性的讨论,得到火灾发展的变化情况和热释放速率曲线,能够为之后的工作做好前期准备,同时显著提高这项工作的效率。