Constructing meaningful environmental indices: A nonparametric frontier approach

Environmental information disclosure programs seek to motivate firms to reduce their environmental impact. A variety of environmental impacts are reported in these programs and often this information is aggregated into a composite environmental index (CEI) for easier communication. The challenge is to create a meaningful index that allows environmental performance to be compared over time and space without ambiguity. In this paper, we argue that it is important to develop a cardinally meaningful and standardized CEI and use a nonparametric frontier approach to constructing such an index. This approach has the advantage to handle issues associated with data irregularity and the mixed measurability of underlying variables. We apply this approach to constructing a CEI for evaluating the environmental performance of manufacturing facilities in different industrial sectors in Los Angeles based on data from the toxic release inventory. We show how the CEI can be used to improve facility-level environmental performance. A sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the uncertainty in data accuracy, which demonstrates the robustness of the nonparametric frontier approach in constructing meaningful environmental indices.     

地下停车库火灾风险性的评价研究

本文分析了地下停车库的火灾特点。并从停车库的火灾规模、发生轰燃的烟气条件、释放辐射热的大小、相邻汽车被引燃的临界条件和自动喷水系统的动作时间等几方面对停车库潜在的火灾危险性进行了探讨。以某地下一层停车库为例,对其火灾风险性进行了具体评价。     

巢湖内源磷释放特点、稳定性及化学控制研究

以巢湖内源磷负荷为研究对象,通过实验室模拟,探讨了巢湖内源磷释放过程上覆水中ρ(总磷)和ρ(铁)之间的关系,重点研究了pH和溶解氧对内源磷释放的影响,并对实验前后沉积物中各形态内源磷的含量进行比较.结果表明:上覆水中ρ(总磷)与ρ(铁)呈正线性相关;pH相同时,厌氧条件下内源磷的释放量约是好氧条件的9.16倍;无论是好氧还是厌氧条件,内源磷的释放量均是碱性条件最大,酸性次之,中性最小;铝磷、铁磷的释放量随pH增大而增大;在酸性条件下,钙磷是内源磷释放的主要来源.最后讨论了氯化铝和氯化铁控制磷负荷的作用.      

Chemical characterization of blue stains in domestic fixtures in contact with drinking water

Bluish green staining in domestic fixtures was observed in three to 9-year-old houses in the city of Talca, located 256 km. south of Santiago, the capital of Chile. The houses contained copper pipes which were exposed to soft well water, with low pH and low buffer capacity. The aim of this paper is to establish the chemical composition of the stains and to determine the conditions by which they were formed. X-ray diffraction analysis of the stains revealed the presence of malachite, a copper compound that caused green coloring in kettles and water boilers. Dioptase, which is deep green in coloring, was identified in a bathtub tile. In one house, where blue stains were found in a toilet bowl, the presence of chrysocolla was suggested by means of X-ray fluorescence. In the field conditions studied it was concluded that the bluish green stains in bathroom home appliances were generated by the precipitation of copper compounds in places were leakages occur.     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水源地水中SVOCs

采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷混合溶剂（体积比为2∶1）对饮用水源地水中阿特拉津、林丹、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和滴滴涕（含4种）等8种半挥发性有机物进行1次水样萃取,用气质联用法同时测定。试验表明,方法在25．0μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好;检出限在0．006μg/L ～0．028μg/L 之间;空白水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为87．6％～109％,平行测定6次的 RSD＜5．1％;测定集中式生活饮用水源地的实际水样,未检出目标化合物,加标回收率为98．6％～109％。     

水中有机磷农药分析前处理方法探讨

分别采用液-液萃取、固相萃取前处理方法,提取水中10种常见的有机磷农药,对比了这两种提取方法的测定结果、经济成本、花费时间及对环境的影响,建议逐步用固相萃取法取代液？液萃取法提取水中有机磷农药。     

衍生化-液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中苦味酸的技术关键

测定水中苦味酸的国标方法——衍生化-液液萃取-气相色谱法采用的提取溶剂苯毒性较大,杂质较多,苦味酸在衍生过程中有部分损失。在国标方法的基础上,改用环己烷为提取溶剂,以溶剂液封加盖的方式,降低了衍生化产物损耗。选用中口径毛细管色谱柱,优化了色谱条件,有效地将衍生化产物与杂质分离。方法在0.500μg/L～40.0μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.083μg/L,标准溶液平行测定6次的RSD≤5.3%,实际样品加标回收率为93.9%～104%。     

给水管网中铁释放现象的影响因素研究

在实验室静态试验下,定量分析了给水管网中无机化学水质参数对铁释放现象的影响,包括酸碱条件、氧化还原条件和无机离子等不同类别的水质参数.研究发现,铁释放速率都随着pH值、碱度和氧化剂浓度的升高而降低,随着氯离子浓度的升高而升高.根据管网的一般条件,提出了控制铁释放现象的理论临界释放速率计算公式.根据理论临界铁释放速率,达到控制管网铁释放现象的必要条件时,管网水质条件满足的要求为pH大于7.6,碱度大于150 mg/L,溶解氧浓度大于2 mg/L,氯离子浓度小于150 mg/L.     

动态顶空-箱式法在湖泊挥发性有机物释放观测中的应用

湖泊是挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要自然源,适用的观测手段是湖泊VOCs释放研究的基础。该研究以人工观测池模拟水华水体,以动态顶空-箱式法收集水气界面释放的VOCs,联用甲烷-非甲烷总烃分析仪和飞行时间质谱仪,并辅以阀切换,实现野外2种场景VOCs释放的同时高时间分辨率在线观测。结果表明,合理设置参数后方法重现性好、精度高,相对偏差绝大部分在±10%内;直接进样-氢火焰离子化检测、膜富集-飞行时间质谱检测分别适用于水面释放甲烷和非甲烷VOCs的观测。人为引入浓藻的试验池甲烷、非甲烷VOCs释放速率分别为66.2、2.18 mg/(m²·d),而对照池则分别为2.39、1.15 mg/(m²·d),正午前后非甲烷VOCs释放强度大,傍晚至凌晨则甲烷释放强烈;经试验组、对照组的差异对比以及试验组内物质释放速率之间相关性分析,初步推断藻类释放了壬烷、癸烷、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、氯苯、二氯苯、三氯苯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯等物质。     

贵州草海沉积物磷形态分布及释放风险分析

以草海湖区表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Hupfer改进后的化学连续提取法分析20个采样点沉积物中磷形态特征,通过不同磷吸附释放风险指数评估草海的潜在生态风险,并探讨影响磷形态和吸附释放的因素.结果表明,草海湖区表层沉积物总磷(TP)含量为780.95～1229.42mg·kg^-1,存在轻度污染;磷形态含量分布表现为NaOH-NRP>Res-P>HCl-P>BD-P>NaOH-SRP>NH₄Cl-P,TP与HCl-P、BD-P和NaOH-NRP均呈显著正相关(p<0.001).草海沉积物生物有效磷(BAP)含量为486.71～812.86 mg·kg^-1,占TP的59.18%～69.38%,内源磷负荷相对较大.沉积物磷吸附释放相关指数的变化范围分别为：磷吸附平衡浓度(EPC₀):0.001～0.839 mg·L^-1(明显高于上覆水SRP);磷吸附指数(PSI):35.47～159.40(mg·L)·(100 g·μmol)^-1