热敏性能对洒水喷头控火效能影响的试验研究

为研究热敏性能对洒水喷头的动作性能、控火效能以及对建筑空间的保护性能的影响,在安装高度分别为3 m和8 m的情况下,采用快速响应喷头和特殊响应喷头进行4次足尺实体火试验。喷头公称动作温度均为68℃,响应时间指数(RTI)分别为35(m.s)1/2和65(m.s)1/2。试验结果表明,各种试验条件下,洒水喷头均能及时动作,且喷头动作后均能提供足够的消防保护,并有效将火势控制在限定区域内。采用快速响应喷头较特殊响应喷头约提前20%动作,且火场环境最高温度、顶板结构最高温度、热释放速率和货物烧损率均较特殊响应喷头低。安装高度越高,热敏性能对洒水喷头控火效能的影响越明显。     

Scaled-up bioconversion of fish waste to liquid fertilizer using a 5 L ribbon-type reactor

A scaled-up conversion process of fish waste to liquid fertilizer was performed in a 5 L ribbon-type reactor. Biodegradation was performed by inoculation of autoclaved fish waste with 5.84 × 10(5) CFU mL(-1) of mixed microorganisms for 96 h. As a result, the pH changed from 6.92 to 5.72, the cell number reached 7.28 × 10(5) CFU mL(-1), and approximately 430 g (28.3%) of fish waste was degraded. Analyses indicated that the 96 h culture of inoculated fish waste possessed comparable fertilizing ability to commercial fertilizers in hydroponic culture with amino acid contents of 6.91 g 100 g(-1). Therefore, the scaled-up production achieved a more satisfactory fish waste degradation rate (3.61 g h(-1)) than the flask-scale production (0.24 g h(-1)). The biodegraded broth of fish waste at room temperature did not undergo putrefaction for 6 months due to the addition of 1% lactate.     

液体气溶胶抑制受限空间内烃类挥发的实验研究

在含有残留油品的受限空间内作业时,易发生油气燃爆事故。利用两性离子型氟碳表面活性剂组分制备了具有低表面张力的抑爆剂溶液,能够在易挥发烃类液体表面自由铺展成液膜,从而对烃类液体形成液封,抑制油气挥发。利用超细雾化装置,能够将抑爆剂溶液雾化形成液体气溶胶,气力输送至受限空间内。实验验证了受限空间内液体气溶胶中的微小液滴能够沉积在残留油品的表面形成液封,同时液滴和液膜的气液界面能够吸收空间内的油气分子,从而降低空间内的油气浓度。研究证明,利用抑爆剂液体气溶胶混合物来置换含残留油品受限空间内的油气,能够将受限空间内的油气浓度长久维持在10%LEL(Lower Explosion Limit)以下,降低空间内油气燃爆风险。     

Sediment pollution characteristics and in situ control in a deep drinking water reservoir

Sediment pollution characteristics, in situ sediment release potential, and in situ inhibition of sediment release were investigated in a drinking water reservoir. Results showed that organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in sediments increased from the reservoir mouth to the main reservoir. Fraction analysis indicated that nitrogen in ion exchangeable form and NaOH-extractable P (Fe/Al-P) accounted for 43% and 26% of TN and TP in sediments of the main reservoir. The Risk Assessment Code for metal elements showed that Fe and Mn posed high to very high risk. The results of the in situ reactor experiment in the main reservoir showed the same trends as those observed in the natural state of the reservoir in 2011 and 2012; the maximum concentrations of total OC, TN, TP, Fe, and Mn reached 4.42 mg/L, 3.33 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, 2.56 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L, respectively. An in situ sediment release inhibition technology, the water-lifting aerator, was utilized in the reservoir. The results of operating the water-lifting aerator indicated that sediment release was successfully inhibited and that OC, TN, TP, Fe, and Mn in surface sediment could be reduced by 13.25%, 15.23%, 14.10%, 5.32%, and 3.94%, respectively.     

湖泊疏浚方式对内源释放影响的模拟研究

通过室内模拟试验,探讨不同疏浚方式对内源氮磷释放的影响以及不同湖区疏浚后氮磷释放的差异性.理想式疏浚和绞吸式疏浚沉积物磷的释放速率分别为未疏浚的20%和72%,并且A(内湾)湖区沉积物磷的释放速率是B(外湾)湖区的80%左右.理想式疏浚和绞吸式疏浚后沉积物氨氮的释放速率分别是抓斗式疏浚的40%和83%,但是这几种疏浚方式对氨氮的释放并没有达到理想的效果,在短期内对氨氮的释放甚至是起促进作用的,并且A湖区(内湾)氮的释放速率约是B湖区(外湾)的1.5倍,这应该看作是湖泊疏浚工程一个潜在的负作用.研究结果表明,理想式和绞吸式疏浚方式对内源释放有较好的控制作用,在外源输入得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚可以作为湖泊沉积物污染修复的手段,并且结合目前的技术手段,在太湖的疏浚工程中应尽量选择绞吸式疏浚.     

江苏西部湖泊沉积物营养盐赋存形态和释放潜力差异性分析

为了探索湖泊沉积物对上覆水中氮磷营养盐特别是磷(P)浓度的影响,研究了江苏西部10个湖泊沉积物P形态、吸附解吸作用和间隙水、上覆水之间扩散通量.对P形态的分级提取研究表明,各湖泊沉积物中P以无机磷为主,无机磷中生物可利用P占总磷(TP)比例较低.与苏北西部湖泊相比,苏南西部湖泊沉积物中Fe-P含量相对较高.江苏西部湖泊沉积物中氮主要以NH4+-N扩散为主,且大部分湖泊氨由上覆水向沉积物扩散,而洪泽湖、石臼湖和玄武湖NO3--N由沉积物向上覆水扩散.偏酸(pH<4)和偏碱(pH>10)条件下均有利于湖泊沉积物P的释放,除玄武湖外,其他湖泊在偏碱条件下P的释放量大于偏酸条件.沉积物对P吸附量随着温度的升高而增大,通过修正的Langmuir方程对湖泊沉积物磷吸附等温线进行拟合得到最大吸附量(Qm)、Langmuir吸附常数(k)与原有吸附态P(QNAP)参数,结果显示洪泽湖和玄武湖沉积物对P的最大吸附量较小,较易发生内源P释放.     

Effects of oxidizing environment on digestate humification and identification of substances governing the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation process

• Liquid digestate humification was investigated under different oxidizing environment. • Tryptophan-like substances dominated the transformation of the liquid digestate DOM. • The humification sequence of the liquid digestate DOM was identified. • UV₃₂₅ was first identified as a pre-humus intermediate during humification reaction. The formation of humic-like acids (HLAs) is an essential process for converting liquid digestate into organic soil amendments to enhance agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oxygen and/or MnO₂ on the production of HLAs. Herein, abiotic humification performance of the digestate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is investigated with fluxes of air and N₂ in the absence and presence of MnO₂. Our results demonstrated that the fate of digestate DOM greatly depends on the oxidizing environment, the MnO₂ enhanced nitrogen involved in the formation of HLAs. The synergistic effects of MnO₂ and oxygen effectively improved the production of HLAs, and the corresponding component evolution was analyzed using spectroscopic evidence. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reaction sequence of digestate DOM followed the order of protein-like substances, substances with an absorbance at 325 nm, substances with UV absorbance at 254 nm and HLAs. Additionally, excitation emission matrix fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that tryptophan-like C3 was more prone to transformation than tyrosine-like C2 and was responsible for the humification process. The substance with an absorbance at 325 nm was a reaction intermediate in the transformation process of protein-like substances to HLAs. The above findings can be used to promote the production of liquid fertilizer associated with carbon sequestration as well as the sustainable development of biogas production.     

三峡水库典型消落带土壤DOM组分特征及其对有效态镉释放影响

重金属镉（Cd）是三峡水库蓄水后消落带土壤中主要的重金属污染物之一.为研究三峡水库反季节调蓄条件下溶解性有机质（DOM）对有效态Cd在土壤固-液相间释放行为及其再补给过程的影响,以三峡水库香溪河消落带为研究对象,分别于2019年10月和2020年10月采集土壤样品,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱技术和荧光区域积分法分析土壤DOM光谱特性,同时结合梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）和土壤扩散通量模型（DIFS）综合探究土壤有效态Cd及其释放动力学过程.此外,测定了消落带土壤基本理化特性以及土壤中Cd含量和赋存形态.结果表明,研究区土壤DOM以富里酸为主,腐殖质特征较弱,具有陆源为主和内源较弱的混合特征,与2019年相比,2020年土壤DOM中富里酸类物质占比更高;2019年和2020年土壤ω（Cd）平均值分别为（0.474±0.301） mg·kg^-1和（0.249±0.058） mg·kg^-1,土壤中Cd的赋存形态均以非残渣态为主;DGT测定结果显示2020年土壤中有效态Cd含量较2019年呈下降趋势,进一步通过DIFS模型拟合结果表明,土壤中Cd的吸附速率大于解吸速率,土壤对有效态Cd的再补给能力较弱,表明三峡消落带土壤中有效态Cd的潜在释放风险较低,低分子量DOM和DOM中富里酸类物质是抑制土壤中有效态Cd释放的重要因素.研究结果揭示了三峡水库水文情势变化下DOM对重金属Cd环境地球化学行为的影响,为三峡库区重金属污染防治提供科学理论依据.     

塑料供水管向自来水中释放邻苯二甲酸酯的规律及影响因素研究

添加邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）增塑剂的塑料管道被广泛用于自来水管道系统,存在健康风险.然而,塑料管道是否是自来水中PAEs的污染来源仍了解不足.因此,本文探究了两种常用管材—硬质聚氯乙烯（UPVC）、聚丙烯（PPR）的新管道和人为磨损管道,在不同水力停留时间和余氯浓度下向水样中释放PAEs的规律.结果表明,人为磨损会使管道中PAEs向自来水中的总释放量增多,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）最为明显,且人为磨损管道释放PAEs的速率大于新管道.对于不同管材的管道,PPR管道PAEs的释放量小于UPVC管道,因而针对PAEs污染,PPR管道可能比UPVC管道更安全.在所有实验中,添加余氯可使水中PAEs浓度整体更低,且余氯浓度越高,平衡时的PAEs浓度越低,因而 推测PAEs可能会与余氯发生化学反应.本研究揭示了塑料管道作为自来水中PAEs的来源之一,向水体中释放PAEs的规律及影响因素,从而为自来水水质安全的控制提供了新的关注点.