耕作土壤非交换性钾有效性的研究

采用２种化学连续提取法及连续耗钾实验。研究了几种耕作土壤非交换性钾释放特性及有效性。结果表明,供试土壤非交换性钾释放特性和有效性与粘土矿物密切相关。富含伊利石的土壤非交换性钾的释放量大,速率快,有效性高;黑麦草吸收该土壤的非交换性钾量及总吸钾量高,生物量大。而富含高岭石或蒙脱石的土壤非交换性钾有效性明显较低;非交换性钾的释放量和速率、黑麦草吸收该土壤的非交换性钾量、总吸钾量及生物量的均值分别仅为富含伊利石上壤的４６．９６％、４５．５０％、４１．６５％、４３．９０％和６７．５２％。供试土壤耗竭前期非交换性钾有效性高,供钾量大;黑麦草生长良好,生物量大。     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

Toxicity of cigarette smoke on isolated lung,heart, and brain mitochondria: induction of oxidative stress and cytochrome c release

Cigarette smoking is one of the main risk factors for premature human death which is associated with a variety of respiratory and vascular diseases, and cancer due to exposure to hundreds of toxicants. Rat mitochondria were obtained by differential ultracentrifugation and incubated with different concentrations (1%, 10%, or 100%) of standardized cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Our results showed that CSE induced a rise in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse before mitochondrial swelling ensued in isolated pulmonary mitochondria. Disturbance in oxidative phosphorylation was also confirmed by decrease in ATP concentration in the CSE-treated mitochondria. In addition, collapse of MMP and mitochondrial swelling produced release of cytochrome c via outer membrane rupture or mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening. Our results suggested that CSE-induced toxicity in lung tissue is the result of disruptive effect on mitochondrial respiratory chain that leads to ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, MMP decline, and cytochrome c expulsion which results in apoptosis signaling and cell loss.     

淀山湖蓝藻碎屑的好氧降解和营养盐释放规律研究

收集淀山湖的水华蓝藻,经超声波处理后,研究死亡蓝藻的好氧降解及营养盐释放规律.结果表明,蓝藻细胞有机碳的矿化速率为9.415mg/(L×d),有机氮的氨化速率为0.441mg/(L×d),有机磷的降解速率为0.044mg/(L×d),好氧降解将会造成溶解态营养盐的大量释放,降解后硝态氮和正磷酸盐分别比初始值高4.22倍和4.20倍.     

过硫酸盐缓释材料释放性能及机理

采用过硫酸钾、水泥、砂和水按照一定配比均匀混和后,于立方体模具中成型制备过硫酸盐缓释材料(A₁、A₂、A₃、A₄),参照欧盟标准化组织制定的NEN 7375水槽试验方法,分8个阶段更换浸取液连续浸泡缓释材料,考察过硫酸盐缓释材料的释放性能,并初步探讨其缓释机理. 结果表明:过硫酸盐缓释材料在浸泡初期释放速率较大,短时间内释放速率迅速降低,之后缓慢降低;4种配比缓释材料的过硫酸盐释放特性均满足二级动力学方程;砂的含量水平是影响过硫酸盐释放特性的主要因素之一,砂含量较高的A₄材料的传质阻力小,传质系数(K)为58.11mg/(d·g),释放过硫酸钾的速率较快;砂含量低的A₁、A₂材料传质阻力大,传质系数分别为14.59、17.11mg/(d·g),过硫酸钾释放速率较慢. 该研究中过硫酸盐缓释材料最长释放时间可达159.08~501.44d,能够有效实现有效组分过硫酸盐的缓慢释放. 总体上,浸泡初期释放机理表现为标准扩散过程,后期为损耗扩散过程.      

Sensitivity of dimethyl amino ethyl azide (DMAZ) as a non-carcinogenic and high performance fuel to some external stimuli

Hydrazine and its derivatives have been used extensively in space programs as liquid propellants. Since they are carcinogen, dimethyl amino ethyl azide (DMAZ) has been introduced as a non-carcinogenic fuel with high performance as compared to the best available fuels. DMAZ contains energetic group –N₃, which may be sensitive to some external stimuli. Thus, it is important to study various aspects of sensitivity of DMAZ in addition to its performance criteria. Various conventional tests as well as computer codes were used to investigate sensitivity of DMAZ to external stimuli such as impact, shock wave, Koenen, burning and electrostatic discharge. The results showed that DMAZ is not sensitive to impact, direct flame and shock wave. Meanwhile, it has moderate and high sensitivity to heat in confined volume and electrostatic discharge, respectively.     

Development of a theoretical framework for the evaluation of risk connected to accidental oxygen releases

A short-cut methodology for a fast estimation of hazards from oxygen releases and the evaluation of safety distances is presented. Starting from a historical survey on accidents involving oxygen releases and consequent scenarios, the approach includes analytical models for the quantification of incremental hazards due to oxygen releases, in non-obstructed areas, both for continuous and nearly instantaneous scenarios, adopting a simple Gaussian dispersion model. An example of the application of the model in a real case-study and relevant quantitative results are presented.     

镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用

考察了不同反应时间、pH值、硅酸根离子浓度、DO浓度、老化时间以及初始磷浓度等条件下一种新型底泥改良剂-镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用.当水中磷浓度很低时,太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥均释放出磷.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的释磷量少于太湖底泥.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)等较为稳定形态磷含量多于太湖底泥,而镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)这种不稳定形态磷含量少于太湖底泥.太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中较高浓度磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据均可以采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于太湖底泥,且吸附能力随老化时间的增加而降低.被镧改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐主要以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较为稳定形态磷存在,不容易被重新释放出来.上述结果表明,采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行原位改良可以增强太湖底泥对磷的固定能力,减少太湖底泥磷的释放.     

紊流作用下泥沙释放磷的试验及数值模拟

为研究水体紊动对泥沙释放污染物的影响,引入近似均匀紊流模拟装置,开展不同强度紊动作用下泥沙运动释放磷动态过程及基本规律的试验,研究表明:紊动扩散作用对泥沙解吸释放磷有着十分重要的影响,紊动较弱时,泥沙尚未起动,床面泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素解吸至孔隙水中,在垂向紊动扩散作用下输送至上覆水中,将使得上覆水中溶解态磷浓度增大;紊动作用较强时,泥沙逐渐悬扬至水体中,悬浮泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素直接解吸至上覆水中,泥沙浓度越高,溶解态磷含量增长速率越大,达到平衡的时间越短.通过耦合紊流模型、水流泥沙数学模型、污染物对流扩散模型和Langmuir吸附动力学方程建立了紊动作用下泥沙释放磷的垂向一维数学模型,针对试验条件进行数值模拟,模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,平均相对误差低于10%,可为模拟天然水体中泥沙悬浮释放磷的时空演化提供参考.     

不同pH的柠檬酸对茶园土壤溶出液中氟组分变化的影响

通过连续流动搅拌法,研究了不同pH的柠檬酸对茶园土壤溶出液中氟组分变化的影响.结果表明,土壤溶出液的pH随溶出时间的延长而逐渐减小.土壤溶出液中的游离态氟和总氟的浓度随时间的延长和柠檬酸pH的升高而逐渐减小,且呈现初始(0—6h)溶出浓度较高,而后(6—10h)逐渐减缓的趋势.土壤氟的溶出过程用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程、扩散方程和双常数方程均有较好的拟合,决定系数(R2)均大于0.90.低pH(pH3.5)条件下,F主要以H-F形态存在,随着pH的升高(pH4.0—5.0),H-F形态的氟减小,Al-F络合态的氟增多,且随时间延长,溶出浓度均降低.反应开始的前1h,Al-F络合物主要以AlF3为主,占氟溶出总量的90%以上;至7h时,AlF+2的溶出量逐渐增大,并逐渐超过AlF3.低pH的柠檬酸促进土壤游离态氟和总氟的溶出,有利于络合态氟的形成,但对Al-F络合物的形态转化没有显著影响.