西藏高原地区浮力羽流温升特性研究

通过在拉萨对不同尺寸的三种油池火试样分别进行试验,获取了柴油在相当于平原地区64%大气压力和氧浓度条件下不同工况下不同位置处羽流中心线温度的实时变化情况等原始数据,计算了不同尺寸油池火的热释放速率,分析了低氧低压环境下的羽流中心温升特点及原因,并将实验值与经典羽流模型Heskestad模型的计算值进行了比较,分析了传统羽流模型在高原地区的适用性.     

基于不同风速下火旋风的数值计算及特性分析

基于大涡模拟(LES)技术,对不同风速下的火旋风进行数值模拟。运用最小二乘拟合方法研究不同风速下火旋风的中心漂移角速度的变化,其结果表明:随着风速的增加,中心漂移角速度的变化规律遵循某3次方多项式变化趋势,发现存在某一临界风速(3.18m/s)对火旋风中心漂移角速度的变化速率有较大影响。同时,对热量释放率及火焰温度场进行分析,认为随风速的增加,热量释放率逐渐增加且波动逐渐减小,火焰温度场分布梯度逐渐增加,高温区分布呈现连续纺锤面分布形式。     

珠三角地区区域空气质量实况发布体系建设

在分析国内外空气质量发布情况的基础上,确定了区域空气质量实况发布的内容与形式,并以此为指导优化了区域空气质量监测网络,创立了网络化质量保证与质量控制体系,建立了发布数据的自动化审核方法与工作流程,开发了区域空气质量空间分析优化算法与集成展示技术,设计、研制了区域空气质量实况发布平台,并创新了实况发布体系运行管理机制,顺利实现了珠三角区域空气质量实况发布。同时对我国空气质量信息发布进行了展望。     

超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法测定水中的苯胺及联苯胺

将含有苯胺及联苯胺的水样过滤后加入乙腈(水样中乙腈比例为20%)直接进样,使用超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法测定。通过选择离子反应监测,可实现定性和外标法定量分析。该法测定生活饮用水及其水源水中苯胺和联苯胺的最低检测浓度分别为2和0.2ng/mL,对实际样品的加标回收率为苯胺:112%～115%,联苯胺:84.5%～86.5%,该方法绿色环保、简单、具有较高的灵敏度和较低的检出限。     

LLE-GC-MS法测定水中27种有机农药

建立了同时测定水中27种有机农药的LLE-GC-MS法。该法前处理前需调节水样pH值2,不加甲醇作为改性剂,以1:1(V/V)正己烷-石油醚为萃取溶剂进行液液萃取,GC-MS法进行检测。方法在各目标化合物质量浓度0.010~0.500 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2均0.995,检出限为0.021~0.250μg/L,加标回收率为73.6%~113.6%,相对标准偏差RSD为4.0%~14.1%,适用于水中27种有机农药的检测。     

陕西红碱淖湖泊表层底泥磷形态研究

磷是一种重要的生命必需元素,其与氮都是引起水体富营养化的重要元素。红碱淖是中国最大的沙漠淡水湖,在区域生态系统中的功能十分显著。采用连续提取法对陕西红碱淖湖泊表层沉积物磷形态进行分析,得到弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-P)、钙磷(HCl-P)、惰性磷(Res-P)五种磷形态。结果表明：总体上,红碱淖表层底泥磷向水体释放的风险较低,但在湖泊水体pH值上升背景下,一些碱溶解磷(如NaOH-P)向湖泊水体释放的风险可能增加。五种形态磷在全湖的空间分布表明：NH₄Cl-P与BD-P呈现大致相似的特征,NaOH-P主要在湖泊南岸附近富集,HCl-P和Res-P呈大致相反的变化趋势,总磷(TP)在全湖近乎均匀分布。与国内典型湖泊沉积物的对比显示：红碱淖表层底泥无论是总磷还是活泼磷均处于较低水平,也说明该湖泊表层底泥磷向水体释放的风险相对较低。     

几种低分子量有机酸对红壤中DDTs类物质释放动力学的影响

采用自行设计的动力学试验装置,系统研究了3种低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸)和水对红壤中滴滴涕(DDTs)类物质的释放动力学行为.结果表明:10 mmol/L的低分子量有机酸可使DDTs类物质的释放百分率相对于水提高15～18个百分点,特别在淋洗液的前250mL更为明显.水对DDTs类物质的释放动力学数据可用表观一级动力学方程很好拟合(R²>0.99,p<0.000 1),说明DDTs的释放可能以土壤矿物表面扩散为主,而有机酸存在体系中的该类物质的释放却更好符合抛物线方程、双常数方程,说明低分子量有机酸的存在使DDTs的释放机理复杂化,这可能与有机酸对矿物的溶解、对矿物表面固有有机质结构的干扰有关.     

Validation of the UN criteria for the uncooled sea transport of liquid organic peroxides: Full-scale test and modeling

In the years 1987 and 1988 TNO and Akzo Nobel investigated the thermal safety of non-temperature-controlled sea transport of organic peroxides, by modeling and experimenting on several scales. A full-scale test was organised in the summer of 1989, in co-operation with the former Nedlloyd company, in which a sea container with palletised packages, filled with soybean oil as inert liquid and fully equipped with temperature measuring equipment, was transported from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, to Beira, Mozambique, and back. The trip took 2 months.To answer questions stated by the workgroup International Group of Experts on the Explosion Risk of Unstable Substances—subgroup on Energetic and Oxidising Substance (IGUS-EOS) during its meeting in Washington, DC, USA, April 2006, the original data of the sea-container trip were reviewed and applied in a new mathematical model of the sea-container filled with packages, and traveling through tropical sea areas.Analysis of the data from the full-scale test led to defining a worst combination of adverse temperature conditions: constant dead sailing of the wind (wind direction and speed equal to that of the ship), and sunny weather 12 h/day and a mean ambient temperature of 30 °C during 28 days.The effect of sunny weather was put into the model by assigning 24 h averaged excess temperatures to the sun-exposed surfaces. New simulations showed no runaway for the sea container, if filled with an organic peroxide having an self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of exactly 55 °C.The exaggerated worst case with an improbable mean ambient temperature of 33 °C also does not lead to a runaway.Therefore, the UN criteria for temperature control for organic peroxides are appropriate.     

Spore release by the green alga Ulva: a quantitative assay to evaluate aquatic toxicants

A toxicity test using spore release of the aquatic green alga, Ulva, was developed and evaluated by assessing the toxicity of different organic and inorganic chemicals and elutriates of sewage or waste sludge. The toxic ranking of four metals was: Cu (EC50 of 0.040mgL(-1))>Cd (0.095mgL(-1))>Pb (0.489mgL(-1))>Zn (0.572mgL(-1)). The EC50 for TBTO ranged from 24 to 63microgL(-1). The most toxic VOC was formalin (EC50 of 0.788microlL(-1)) and the least toxic was acetone. Spore release was significantly inhibited in all elutriates; the greatest and least toxic effects were for industrial sewage (3.29%) and filtration bed (10.08%), respectively. The bioassay is simple, inexpensive and sensitive. The cosmopolitan distribution of Ulva means that the test would have a potential application worldwide.     

污泥回流比对厌氧/好氧工艺除磷效果影响的研究

以长距离输送的合流制污水为进水,考察不同污泥回流比下厌氧/好氧(A/O)工艺对COD、N、P的去除效果,深入研究污泥回流比对生物除P代谢过程的影响.结果表明,污泥回流比对COD及NH+4-N的去除没有明显影响,但对TN、TP、PO3-4-P的去除影响较大.随着污泥回流比的增大,聚磷菌(PAO)的厌氧释P量逐渐减小,P的去除率逐渐降低.减小污泥回流比,可延长A/O工艺厌氧池实际HRT,增加PAO在厌氧池可有效利用的碳源,使PAO在厌氧池充分释P,从而提高除P效率.