稀土元素在土壤中的释放与迁移研究进展

稀土是全球重要的战略资源,在高科技产业及日常生活中广泛应用.由于稀土资源需求量的日益增加,稀土矿大量开采,加剧了稀土矿区周边环境污染,危害居民健康.因此,探究土壤中稀土元素的释放和迁移机理及影响机制对稀土的污染防治、生态修复及潜在风险评估都具有重要的现实指导意义.文章综述了稀土元素在土壤中释放与迁移机制、形态、及其影响...     

于桥水库底泥磷分级及其释放能力

取样测定了于桥水库底泥无机磷各组分含量及其平面和竖向分布,无机磷总量为284～704 mg/kg,平均为485.70mg/kg,其中Ca2-p、Cag-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P和Ca10-P所占质量分数平均分别为3.5%、2.9%、0.3%、48.5%、2.9%和41.9%.通过模拟释放实验得出,在pH<8和pH=9.10条件下,由于厌氧使得底泥磷释放的启动溶解氧分别为<1、<2 mg/L.底泥磷在pH=6.50、DO<1 mg/L,pH=9.10、DO>5 mg/L,pH=9.10、DO<1 mg/L的3种条件下的极限释放量为0.24、0.17、0.33 mg/g,分别占底泥无机磷总量的41.7%、29.5%和57.3%(质量分数).释放的磷主要来自Fe-P,但Fe-P也只能部分释放.酸性条件下,有部分Ca2-P、CaB-P、Ca10-P和Al-P释放,对于AI-P,低pH酸溶作用要远大于高pH下OH-置换作用.     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

A new categorization of release models using a semi-analytic solution

The spread of cryogenic liquid due to a limited period of release is investigated for the first time to clarify the unclear conventional concept regarding two release types: continuous and instantaneous release. The physical phenomenon is described by equations involving the volume, radius and height of the liquid pool, and there are three governing parameters: the evaporation rate per unit area, a release time, and a spill volume. As a result of the perturbation solutions, the combined model, which consists of the continuous model and the subsequent instantaneous model, is necessary for a large spill source rate, whereas the continuous model is only required for a small spill source rate. This combined release model is more realistic than the instantaneous release model, and it is shown that the combined model and the continuous model are clearly distinguished in the coordinate system of the release time and the spill volume using the analytical feature of the perturbation solution.     

Influence of the elastic behaviour of liquids on transient flow from pressurised containments

Release of liquids from vessels and pipelines is a very important scenario in consequence assessment. When the operating pressure is significant, its evolution and the corresponding discharge rate are affected by the elastic behaviour of the liquid. Bulk modulus is the key-driver of the related fluid-dynamics and is expected to govern the elastic-to-atmospheric pressure transition. Despite the well known physical background, the availability of release models relevant to the elastic phase is rather poor, compared to those relevant to vapours, gases and atmospheric liquids. On the other hand, if the operating pressure is high, release times and dynamics are expected to be strongly affected by the elastic behaviour and prediction of release time and flow rate is fundamental. This article carries outs a general analysis of the elastic behaviour of liquids, including water and hydrocarbons. Lumped (vessel-type) and distributed (pipeline) parameters systems have been modelled with the aim to characterize the pressure evolution during the elastic phase and to evaluate the significance of the associated duration. The findings have shown that, depending on pressure and geometric features, the importance of the elastic phase is high and that the availability of reliable and relatively simple models could be beneficial in consequence assessment. The approach is strictly valid for non-boiling liquid, but accounting for vaporisation of flashing or boiling liquids such as LPG and LNG would not imply significant complications.     

Pre-treating biosorbents for purification of bioethanol from aqueous solution

Cost-effective biosorbents made from the byproducts of agriculture, forest, and related industries, such as barley straw, canola meal, and wood sawdust, have significant water adsorption capacity, showing a great potential for selective water removal from bioalcohols to produce fuel grade products. However, there is a challenge that the biosorbents are not stable when they come in contact with aqueous solution. There are organic carbons released from biosorbents to liquid phase, which needs to be addressed before this technology is applied in the industrial purification of bioalcohols. In this work, raw barley straw representing an abundant group of cellulosic materials in the above-mentioned industries was used as a model material. A methodology of chemical and physical treatment was developed to treat barley straw which successfully enhanced the stability and reduced the total organic carbon release from the material into the aqueous solution. In addition, the pre-treated barley straw biosorbent had significantly increased micropores, and the Brunauer--Emmett--Teller surface area favored by water adsorption compared with raw barley straw. It also had higher water uptake and dynamic water adsorption selectivity. The pre-treated barley straw was able to selectively remove water and generate concentrated ethanol.     

Trophic Cascades Following the Disease‐Induced Decline of an Apex Predator,the Tasmanian Devil

As apex predators disappear worldwide, there is escalating evidence of their importance in maintaining the integrity and diversity of the ecosystems they inhabit. The largest extant marsupial carnivore, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is threatened with extinction from a transmissible cancer, devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). The disease, first observed in 1996, has led to apparent population declines in excess of 95% in some areas and has spread to more than 80% of their range. We analyzed a long‐term Tasmania‐wide data set derived from wildlife spotlighting surveys to assess the effects of DFTD‐induced devil decline on populations of other mammals and to examine the relative strength of top–down and bottom–up control of mesopredators between 2 regions with different environmental conditions. Collection of the data began >10 years before DFTD was first observed. A decrease in devil populations was immediate across diseased regions following DFTD arrival, and there has been no indication of population recovery. Feral cats (Felis catus) increased in areas where the disease was present the longest, and feral cat occurrence was significantly and negatively associated with devils. The smallest mesopredator, the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus), declined rapidly following DFTD arrival. This result suggests the species was indirectly protected by devils through the suppression of larger predators. Rainfall deficiency was also a significant predictor of their decline. Environmental variables determined the relative importance of top–down control in the population regulation of mesopredators. In landscapes of low rainfall and relatively higher proportions of agriculture and human settlement, top–down forces were dampened and bottom–up forces had the most effect on mesopredators. For herbivore prey species, there was evidence of population differences after DFTD arrival, but undetected environmental factors had greater effects. The unique opportunity to assess population changes over extensive temporal and spatial scales following apex predator loss further demonstrated their role in structuring ecosystems and of productivity in determining the strength of top–down control. Cascadas Tróficas Después de la Declinación Inducida por Enfermedad de un Depredador Apical, el Demonio de Tasmania     

Biogeochemical reductive release of soil embedded arsenate around a crater area (Guandu) in northern Taiwan using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

This study investigates biogeochemical reductive release of arsenate from beudantite into solution in a crater area in northern Taiwan,using a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and atomic absorption spectrometry.Total arsenic (As) concentrations in the soil were more than 200 mg/kg.Over four months of laboratory experiments,less than 0.8% As was released into solution after reduction experiments.The 71% to 83% As was chemically reduced into arsenite (As(III)) and partially weathering into the soluble phase.The kinetic dissolution and re-precipitation of As,Fe,Pb and sulfate in this area of paddy soils merits further study.     

不同pH条件下As还原对砷释放的影响实验研究

通过考察不同pH条件下Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系和Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅲ)体系各Fe形态、As形态、以及体系ORP的变化,考察不同pH条件下As还原对砷释放的影响。实验结果表明:在pH为3⁵左右范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系和Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系中的Fe(Ⅲ)均发生部分絮凝沉淀,在水样pH为65左右范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系和Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系中的Fe(Ⅲ)均发生部分絮凝沉淀,在水样pH为6¹0范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅲ)体系中Fe(Ⅲ)的絮凝沉淀较Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅴ)体系明显。Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅴ)体系与Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系中As总随pH的变化趋势基本一致,但是Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系As总的浓度水平要比Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系的浓度水平要高。结果表明:同等pH环境条件下,如果A(sⅤ)被还原成A(sⅢ),则Fe(Ⅲ)-As体系中就会出现As的释放,且不同pH条件下对应的As总的差值即可反映出当A(sⅤ)还原成A(sⅢ)时Fe(Ⅲ)-As体系中所释放的砷的量。     

复合型高锰酸钾缓释体的制备及其缓释性能研究

采用熔化成型法,以环境友好型材料石蜡和硅砂为复合材料制备复合型高锰酸钾缓释体,研究其在水中和TCE溶液中的缓释性能及缓释过程.研究结果表明:当固定高锰酸钾含量为6 9,蜡砂比在1:4 ～1:6之间时,复合型高锰酸钾缓释体成型度适中,高锰酸钾的缓释量随着时间的延长逐渐增大,13 d高锰酸钾累积释放百分数分别为28.3％和58.8％,可以作为缓释材料,实现高锰酸钾的持续可控释放当固定蜡砂比,释放速率随着高锰酸钾百分含量的增大而增大.SEM分析结果表明,复合型高锰酸钾缓释体在水中和TCE溶液中的释放机理:首先表层外露的高锰酸钾晶体遇水快速溶解留下一些孔洞和缝隙,然后水分子通过这些孔洞进入缓释体内部溶解高锰酸钾,最后由浓度梯度差将高锰酸钾扩散到水相中,与溶液中TCE发生氧化降鳃反应.蜡砂比为1:4和1:6的缓释体4h对TCE的去除率分别为90％和100％;实际的高锰酸钾释放量分别约为理论所需高锰酸钾总量的1.7倍和2.6倍,说明该法制备得复合型高锰酸钾缓释体可通过控制蜡砂比来持续释放高锰酸钾,用于氯代烃的去除.