岱海沉积物氟化物赋存特征及其释放风险

为揭示岱海水-沉积物中氟化物的迁移转化规律,采用连续分级法研究了岱海间隙水,表层沉积物,柱状沉积物系统中氟化物的空间分布,赋存形态及释放风险.结果表明：岱海间隙水体中氟离子浓度平均值为（4.82±0.06）mg/L,显著高于地表水V类阈值（1.5mg/L）,并与上覆水中氟离子浓度（4.77±0.04）mg/L达到相对稳定平衡状态.表层沉积物总氟化物含量均值为（934.13±36.79）mg/kg,其中水溶态,可交换态,Fe/Mn结合态,有机束缚态和残渣态氟化物含量均值分别为（34.39±1.69）,（7.11±0.93）,（3.07±0.50）,（11.97±0.79）和（934.13±36.79）mg/kg;柱状沉积物水溶态,可交换态,有机束缚态氟化物含量随沉积物深度的增加呈下降趋势,并在40cm以下基本稳定;而Fe/Mn结合态氟化物在表层含量较低,在25cm后逐步稳定.多元回归分析可知,岱海沉积物中水溶态,可交换态氟化物含量与间隙水氟离子浓度呈显著正相关,且具有较强的迁移能力;SAC（稳定度）风险评估表明,表层沉积物中SAC范围在55.53%~69.52%,平均值为60.63%,处于极不稳定状态,且SAC从表层向下20cm呈逐步降低的趋势,间接反映出近年来可提取态氟化物富集明显,处于较强的释放风险状态.     

污泥厌氧过程中磷释放与SMP特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为实验污泥,研究污泥厌氧过程中磷释放和溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）的变化特性,检测了不同厌氧时长下总磷（TP）,SMP中蛋白质与多糖含量,利用三维荧光光谱与液相色谱-有机碳测定仪（LC-OCD）进一步探究了SMP的组分分布状况,应用灰色关联度分析了TP与各组分的相关性.结果表明：随着厌氧时间延长,蛋白质,多糖浓度逐渐增加,TP浓度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,TP浓度在厌氧4d最高,达到14.15mg/gVSS,说明污泥厌氧过程中存在最优释磷时间;将三维荧光光谱分为7个荧光区域,平行因子（PARAFAC）分析表明紫外光区类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质荧光强度随着厌氧时间的延长逐渐增大,微生物代谢产物的荧光强度先增大后减小;SMP中生物高聚物和腐殖酸（Humics）等大分子物质浓度逐渐增大,中分子前驱物呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而小分子物质呈现先减小后增大的趋势;蛋白质、多糖和Humics浓度与TP浓度的关联性显著.研究结果可为优化污泥厌氧释磷,提高磷回收效率提供理论支持.     

CO_2分析在含化学添加剂的细水雾灭火研究中的应用探讨

通过实验和计算证明CO2浓度分析是评价含添加剂细水雾灭火有效性的简单而有效方法。采用燃烧分析仪测定细水雾灭火实验过程中的CO2浓度,比较含不同添加剂细水雾和纯水细水雾在同一实验控制条件下的CO2浓度变化规律,利用CO2浓度变化规律判断含添加剂细水雾灭火的效率。根据上述规律,可从两方面比较细水雾的灭火效率:一是CO2的最高浓度。CO2达到的最大浓度小,则燃烧过程中的热释速率小或灭火时间短,说明细水雾抑制燃烧的效果较好。二是施加细水雾后CO2浓度变化率。CO2浓度变化率小,燃烧过程中的热释速率就小,说明细水雾抑制燃烧的效果较好。     

提速货车钩尾框安全使用寿命的估算方法

提出一种估算提速货车钩尾框安全使用寿命的方法。该方法基于损伤容限设计思想 ,通过子模型有限元技术和虚拟裂纹扩展方法 ,仿真应力集中区的裂纹及其扩展 ,应用能量释放率理论计算裂纹前沿的应力强度因子 ,由Paris公式估算在实测载荷谱下钩尾框的裂纹扩展寿命。估算结果与统计的使用寿命有较好的一致性     

Control of accidental releases of hydrogen selenide and hydrogen sulphide in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells: a feasibility study

Industrial and regulatory communities are concerned about the need to control routine and accidental releases of toxic gases. This paper outlines an approach for evaluating control systems for new technologies when there is only limited experience. The approach is illustrated by identifying and evaluating specific options to control releases of hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) and hydrogen sulphide (H cells. Routine emmisions can be controlled with a system composed of a Venturi scrubber, a packed-bed scrubber, and a carbon adsorption bed. Accidental releases can be controlled by the proper design of a ventillation system combined with either a Venturi and packed-bed scrubber and carbon-a or a containment-scrubbing equipment followed by carbon adsorption. The annualized costs of these controls (≈$0.01/Watt-peak (W_p)), are small compared with current (≈$6/W_p) and projected (≈$1/W_p) production costs. Thus, systems which could control accidental releases of highly toxic H₂Se and H₂S in CuInSe₂ photovoltaic cell manufactu These systems can effectively reduce emmisions of toxic gas to levels needed to protect the health of the public.     

Research Training for Releasable Animals

Abstract:  Restrictions on training potentially releasable animals such as those undergoing rehabilitation care or wild-caught captives have limited our understanding of sensory processes, cognition, and physiology important for conservation of species. It is common practice among several U.S. federal agencies to limit training of animals available for release. The behavioral argument justifying this practice is that training habituates subjects to people and conditions them to associate people with rewards such as food; habituation to and positive associations with people will lead animals into dangerous situations after their release. If under special circumstances research training is permitted, all trained behaviors must be extinguished before release because behaviors will transfer to the natural setting. Research on animal learning and memory indicates that these may not be accurate scenarios. A review of the literature on habituation, classical and instrumental conditioning, and compound conditioning suggests that learning within a research setting does not add to learning that already occurs in procedures associated with basic feeding and care. In fact, animals probably learn less about people in a training setting. Furthermore, context-specific effects on memory limit behavior transfer from captive to natural settings. Extinction is strongly susceptible to context effects, which suggests that extinction does not effectively transfer to the postrelease setting. Counterintuitively, extinction of responses to experimental stimuli under some circumstances may enhance undesirable learning about humans. Under those circumstances in which isolation from human contact is difficult or undesirable, behavioral research can present an ideal format for minimizing learning about humans and provide biological information important for conservation.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定水体中的苯甲醚

建立了顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法定性定量检测水中苯甲醚的分析方法。对影响检测结果的因素如萃取头的选择、萃取时间等进行了优化。经过条件优化，方法在1～1 000 μg/L 范围内线性良好，线性相关系数＞0.999，实际水样加标质量浓度分别为10，60，300 μg/L时，加标回收率为85%～120%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.95%～6.72%。全扫描模式下，苯甲醚的检出限为0.3 μg/L。实验结果表明，该方法快速、简便、灵敏度高，方法精密度和准确度均能满足水中微量及痕量苯甲醚检测的要求。     

The Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination On Metals Release From Coastal Sediment Suspensions with Aerated Sea Water

The zinc, cadmium, copper and lead release from the uncontaminated and contaminated coastal sediments with aerated sea water was studied. the metals transfer to the dissolved forms was monitored during one-two months by differential pulse anodic voltammetry (DPASV). the sediments with different initial degree of contamination were sampled in the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan around Vladivostok-the biggest city in Russian Far East. Sediment contamination by metals led to increased release to solution of zinc due to sulphide oxidation and cadmium on account of organic matter decomposition. the copper behaviour was complicated by strong binding with organic matter and enhancements of copper release can only be seen in sediment with a low organic matter content. Significant lead transfer to dissolved forms was not observed regardless of sediment contamination. the temperature affected the release of cadmium and copper through enhanced organic matter destruction. the dissolved metal fluxes from the sediment transformation are compared with metal fluxes towards bottom. Such comparisons show that second contamination by dissolved metals of the studied coastal environment may be important for cadmium only.     

关于学校化学教学实验废液量及废液管理状况的调研报告

利用基于实验内容的废液量统计方法，对北京大学、湖南大学、首都师范大学3所有代表性高校的化学实验教学中心以及3所普通高中的废液量进行了统计。得到的数据对于学校实验室废液的管理具有一定的参考价值。通过网页浏览、文献检索、实地考察、电话访谈等方式对国内一些知名大学的废液管理状况进行了考查，针对存在的主要问题，提出了进一步加强学校实验室废液管理的建议。     

环境风对双层玻璃幕墙空腔内烟气流动特性的影响研究

采用大涡模拟的方法,研究了不同火源大小时,环境风速对双层玻璃幕墙空腔内烟气流动以及温度和速度分布的影响。研究结果表明,环境风会导致空腔下部开口进风量的增大,从而扰乱空腔内的烟气流动,同时也会对空腔内烟气起到冷却作用;另一方面环境风会导致上部排烟口排烟量的减小,导致烟气在空腔内聚集。同时发现,对于不同热释放速率的火灾,环境风对空腔内烟气温度分布造成的影响效果不同。