对苯二酚抑制铜绿微囊藻生长下藻毒素的产生与释放

选用对苯二酚,根据其抑藻的剂量效应关系,研究了铜绿微囊藻在不同抑制条件下,即投加剂量为EC20、EC50、EC70、EC90、EC99时,藻毒素Microcystin-LR(MCLR)的产生与释放,并通过测定总有机碳和三维荧光光谱,研究了细胞内有机物的释放状况.结果表明,EC20作用下,藻毒素的产生受到抑制,总MCLR约为对照样的72.4%~83.0%;在EC50~EC99作用下,藻细胞受到刺激,毒素产量明显增加,总MCLR可升至对照样的1.77~3.13倍,且在EC70~EC99作用下,胞内毒素大部分释放于胞外.细胞释放的其它有机物主要是类腐殖酸和类富里酸,但并不稳定,6 d后,发生了明显的降解与转化.     

基于水资源调度的平原河网区城市河道氮迁移转化研究

研究平原河网区城市河道在水资源调度过程中的水文特征和理化特征,探讨基于水资源调度的城市河道氮素形态与组成;在实验模拟条件下,研究基于水资源调度的城市河道沉积物NH+4-N释放过程.结果表明,研究河段在水资源调度作用下水深日变化过程明显;以农历月为单位,水资源调度可以分为轻度置换阶段和深度置换阶段;沿调水路径河道上覆水DO有下降趋势,高锰酸盐指数则呈现升高趋势;沿调水路径上覆水NO-3-N浓度逐渐减少,NH+4-N浓度显著升高;DO与高锰酸盐指数是影响上覆水NO-3-N、NH+4-N浓度的主要因素;沉积物内源NH+4-N释放是上覆水NH+4-N的一个重要来源;水资源调度显著影响(P<0.05)上覆水NH+4-N浓度,对沉积物内源NH+4-N的释放影响不显著(P>0.05).     

温度、曝气和沉积物对绿潮硬毛藻分解的影响

为了解绿潮优势种——硬毛藻在温度、曝气和沉积物作用下的分解过程及三因素的效应大小,通过室内模拟研究了不同环境条件下硬毛藻早期分解过程中生物量、分解速率及藻体磷释放率的变化,分析了不同环境因子对藻体分解影响的效应大小.结果表明,高温(20~30℃)和添加沉积物均能促进硬毛藻的腐烂分解及藻体磷素释放,其中,30℃条件下含沉积物处理的最大分解速率可达12.13%·d-1,14 d后藻体磷释放率为90%以上.曝气一方面可通过扰动加速藻体生物量的损失和分解速率,另一方面提供了好氧环境,抑制了藻体生物分解和磷素释放,因而其影响效应较低.研究表明,高温和添加沉积物均可加速丝状硬毛藻的分解和藻体磷素释放,夏季应及时清除水体中滋生和衰亡的藻体.     

氮在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的释放

湖泊沉积物-水界面中的氮在特定条件下通过形态变化、界面特性和释放等途径影响湖泊水体质量。文章阐述了氮在湖泊沉积物-水界面的释放特征,并对影响氮在沉积物-水界面释放的因素进行了简要概述,并提出了几点控制水体释氮的建议。     

推进生态文明 建设美丽中国

党的十八大报告描绘了全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义生态文明的宏伟蓝图,展现了"美丽中国"的动人画卷。在生态文明建设的高潮中,各地的做法对于我们更好地创新思路,推进"美丽中国"建设具有一定的借鉴意义。"绿色湖南"建设全面启动湖南省2013年将大力实施"绿色湖南"建设重点工程。"绿色湖南"建设重点工程是:农村沼气池建设工程;岩溶地区石漠     

Combustion,performance and emissions of a DI-CI engine running on Karanj methyl ester: influence of injection timing

This study aims at evaluation of the effect of injection timing on the combustion, performance and emissions of a small power diesel engine, commonly used for agriculture purpose, running on pure bio-diesel, prepared from Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) vegetable oil. The effect of varying injection timing was evaluated in terms of thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, power and mean effective pressure, exhaust temperature, cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Furthermore, the effects on emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and smoke were also studied. It was found that retarding the injection timing by 3° enhances the thermal efficiency by about 8.2% with reduction in emission of oxides of nitrogen.     

苯硝化工艺HAZOP分析的定量化研究

为提高危险化工工艺过程风险评估的准确性,通过工艺仿真模拟,研究工艺参数波动对生产装置安全性能的影响。以苯硝化工艺为例,采用危险与可操作性分析对该过程进行定性的风险评估;同时利用Aspen Plus建立苯硝化装置的模拟流程。结合HAZOP分析中偏差与模拟中硝化釜的流程变量之间的联系,以进料混酸的流量和1号硝化釜热负荷及出口温度为量化指标,观察混酸流量在正常操作点17.6 m3/h的±100%范围波动下1号硝化釜热负荷及出口温度的变化。研究结果表明,保持1号硝化釜温度为正常值,随着混酸流量的增大,硝化釜热负荷先增大后减小;保持硝化釜热负荷不变,随着混酸流量的增大,硝化釜温度先增大后减小。其中混酸流量值超过22.95 m3/h时,温度超过报警阈值60℃。     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

医疗废物典型物料热解过程中无机氯的气相迁移规律

在温度为600～900℃、氮气气氛下.用管式炉实验台对医疗废物典型组分--棉花和聚丙烯(PP)进行了快速热解实验.为了研究氯的迁移规律,对物料添加了适量的盐水,结果表明,医疗废物典型组分和NaCl溶液混合热解的过程中Cl的析出随着热解温度、热解时间和物料与Cl元素质量配比的改变而改变.研究发现,Cl的析出峰在以棉花为物料时出现在800℃,而用PP为物料时出现在700℃;随着热解时间的变化,Cl的析出率呈现不规律的变化:700℃棉花热解实验中,热解时间5min时.Cl的析出率只有0.0002,在10min时,析出率达到了0.0003;而在800℃棉花的热解实验中,5min时Cl的析出率为0.00062.而随着热解时间的增加,10min时,Cl的析出率却降到了0.00045.同时还发现,随着Cl元素含量的增加.其析出率也在提高,当Cl和物料质量比值增加1倍时,Cl的析出率也随着温度的变化相应的增加2～4倍.     

The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.