改性粘土对水中浮上-分散态油的截留能力实验

进行改性粘土截留水中浮上分散态油的土柱实验研究。结果表明,经表面活性剂溶液改性后的粘土土柱对水中浮上．分散态油的截留能力大大增强,且土柱所截留的油类不易被清水淋出。     

企业地面运输平车供电系统的改造

比较了国内企业地面运输平车的几种供电方式及其优缺点。介绍了地面运输平车安全供电的基本原理及特性。具有较强的实用性。     

长江经济带碳排放现状及未来碳减排

长江经济带是我国"三大支撑带"之一,其碳减排目标实现对我国生态文明建设具有重要意义。采用2005~2013年长江经济带(含9省2市)的能源消耗与经济社会数据,通过数理统计,得出各地历年碳排放量、人均碳排放、能源强度、产业结构多元水平的具体数值及变化率,结合运用弹性计算和矩阵分类法,发现长江经济带碳排放存在空间与结构差异。研究结果显示:(1)长江经济带碳排放及增长率、人均碳排放及增长率、能源强度都高于全国平均水平,能源强度下降率低于全国平均水平;把长江经济带分为东中西三段区域,碳排放总量、人均碳排放及能源强度下降率梯度下降,碳排放增长率、人均碳排放增长率、能源强度梯度上升。(2)工业化开始越早、重工业化主导向生产性服务业主导转变越快、越充分地区,经济低碳化水平越高;通过提升产业结构多元化速度有利于碳减排。(3)长江经济带各地实现碳减排措施应有不同,东段地区应着重降低人均碳排放,中西段地区应着重于降低能源强度。(4)未来碳减排应兼顾公平与效率,各地区碳减排目标分配应结合各地支付能力、碳汇能力、生产效率、能源结构等因素来安排。     

冷冻取芯过程煤芯瓦斯解吸特性试验研究

为探究冷冻取芯过程煤芯瓦斯解吸特性,基于模拟试验的相似性,依托自主研发的含瓦斯煤冷冻取芯响应特性测试平台,开展不同变质程度煤样(长焰煤、贫瘦煤、无烟煤)及不同吸附平衡压力(1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0 MPa)下冷冻取芯过程煤芯瓦斯解吸特性试验研究。研究结果表明：冷冻取芯过程中,煤芯瓦斯解吸量与吸附平衡压力及煤变质程度呈正相关关系;在煤芯瓦斯解吸过程中存在倒吸现象,煤与瓦斯初始吸附平衡压力越大,煤的变质程度越高,倒吸开始时间越迟;冷冻取芯过程中,瓦斯解吸速度与吸附平衡压力及煤变质程度呈正相关关系,且瓦斯解吸速度随吸附平衡压力及煤变质程度变化曲线符合幂函数关系。     

Achieving nitritation at low temperatures using free ammonia inhibition on Nitrobacter and real-time control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

Free ammonia(FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidized bacteria(NOB) and real-time control are used to achieve nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via nitrite pathway at low temperatures in sequencing batch reactor. The inhibition of FA on NOB activity during the aerobic period was prolonged using real-time control. The degree of nitrite accumulation was monitored along with variations of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NOB population using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. It is demonstrated that the end-point of ammonia oxidization is detected from the on-line measured dissolved oxygen,oxidization–reduction potential, and p H signals, which could avoid the loss the FA inhibition on NOB caused by excess aeration. At low temperature(13.0–17.6°C), the level of nitrite pathway rapidly increased from 19.8% to 90%, suggesting that nitritation was successfully started up at low temperature by applying syntrophic association of the FA inhibition and real-time control, and then this high level of nitrite pathway was stably maintained for as long as 233 days. Mechanism analysis shows that the establishment of nitritation was primarily the result of predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria developed in the nitrifying bacteria population compared to NOB. This was mainly due to a gradual reduction of nitrite amount that is available to provide energy for the growth of NOB,eventually leading to the elimination of NOB from the bacterial clusters in sequencing batch reactor sludge system.     

Stormwater runoff and export changes with development in a traditional and low impact subdivision

Development continues at a rapid pace throughout the country. Runoff from the impervious surfaces in these watersheds continues to be a major cause of degradation to freshwater bodies and estuaries. Low impact development techniques have been recommended to reduce these impacts. In this study, stormwater runoff and pollutant concentrations were measured as development progressed in both a traditional development, and a development that used low impact development techniques. Increases in total impervious area in each watershed were also measured. Regression relationships were developed between total impervious area and stormwater runoff/pollutant export. Significant, logarithmic increases in stormwater runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus export were found as development occurred in the traditional subdivision. The increases in stormwater runoff and pollutant export were more than two orders of magnitude. TN and TP export after development was 10 and 1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively, which was consistent with export from other urban/developed areas. In contrast, stormwater runoff and pollutant export from the low impact subdivision remained unchanged from pre-development levels. TN and TP export from the low impact subdivision were consistent with export values from forested watersheds. The results of this study indicate that the use of low impact development techniques on a watershed scale can greatly reduce the impacts of development on local waterways.     

ABR反应器处理低浓度废水的研究

对ABR反应器处理低浓度废水的效果及运行特性进行了研究。在中温(35±0.5℃),进水有机负荷为0.5～7.0kgCODCr/(m~3.d),HRT=3～12h,进水CODCr浓度分别为150,350,550和850mg/L时,CODCr去除率分别达50%,80%～87%,86%～92%和90%～95%,反应器出水CODCr浓度在70～90mg/L。研究表明,该反应器处理低浓度废水时,不仅具有良好的处理效果,而且运行稳定。     

基于卫星遥感的海南地区对流层NO2长期变化及成因分析

利用OMI卫星反演的较高分辨率(0.125°×0.125°)对流层NO_2(Tro NO_2)柱浓度数据,分析了近12年海南岛TroNO_2柱浓度的时空变化,同时,结合MODIS卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料、海口市空气质量指数(AQI)、GDP、SO_2排放总量,以及民用汽车保有量等探究其长期变化与成因.结果表明:海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度空间分布表现为北半部高于南半部、四周沿海高于中部山区的特征,其中,北部地区最大值可达20×1014molec·cm~(-2)以上.近12年来海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度表现为上升的变化趋势.季节变化表现为冬季高于夏季,夏季浓度偏低和雨水的冲刷作用有关,而冬季偏高与旅游过冬人口增多和外源输送作用有密切联系.四季TroNO_2柱浓度均有不同程度的上升,而且季节差异在2010年以后有增大的趋势.海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度分布与岛上经济水平和人口分布关系密切,海南地区民用机动车拥有量近10年呈现快速的增加趋势,机动车尾气NO_2排放也不容忽视.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

北京东灵山地区主要大气污染物浓度变化特征

2009年8月～2011年6月在北京东灵山森林站连续观测了SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5的浓度,利用观测数据分析了大气污染物的月变化、季节变化和统计日变化特征,结合气流轨迹探讨了传输对污染物的影响.结果表明,观测期间NO、NO2、NOx、O3、SO2和PM2.5浓度的平均值分别为(2.0±1.6)、(13.2±7.2)、(15.3±8.2)、(61.0±19.6)、(3.6±3.6)、(35.6±32.0)μg.m-3,均低于北京城区的观测值.NOx浓度秋季最高,夏季最低,分别为(17.0±8.0)μg.m-3和(13.8±4.1)μg.m-3.O3浓度春、夏季高于秋、冬季,最高值出现在6月份.SO2冬季浓度最高,夏季浓度最低,冬季与夏季的比值约为2.7.PM2.5夏季的浓度要远高于其他3个季节,达到56.4μg.m-3.NOx、O3和SO2浓度日变化显著,其中NOx日变化为双峰型,O3和SO2日变化为单峰型,PM2.5日变化幅度较小.