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This study evaluated the impact of small boat traffic on reaction distances of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus), in the marine waters of Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, British Columbia, Canada. Observers on moving boats recorded the minimum distance the boat came to murrelets on the water, and any disturbance reaction (fly, dive, no reaction). Out of the 7500 interactions 11.7% flew, 30.8% dove and 58.1% exhibited no flushing reaction. Using a product-limit analysis, we developed curves for the proportion of Marbled Murrelets flushing (dive or flight) as a function of reaction distance. Overall, the majority of Marbled Murrelets waited until boats were within 40 m before reacting, with 25% of the population reacting at 29.2m. A stepwise Cox regression indicated that age, boat speed, and boat density (loaded in that order), significantly affected flushing response. More juveniles flushed than adults (70.1 versus 51.7%), but at closer distances. Faster boats caused a greater proportion of birds to flush, and at further distances (25% of birds flushed at 40 m at speeds > 29 kph versus 28m at speeds <12kph). A stepwise logistic regression on diving and flight responses indicated that birds tended to fly completely out of feeding areas at the approach of boats travelling >28.8 kph and later in the season (July and August). Other secondary variables included; boat density and time of day. Discussion focused on possible management actions such as the application of speed limits, set back distances, and exclusion of boat traffic to protect Marbled Murrelets. 相似文献
224.
吴怀俊 《中国安全科学学报》2009,19(8)
明确建设项目安全管理的意义;简述建设项目安全管理技术的国内外研究现状;指出当前的建设项目安全管理研究存在的主要不足;提出笔者研究的思路和研究的主要内容;收集详细的施工现场资料,参考相关历史文献资料,提取可能引起安全事故的原始不确定风险因素,建立安全管理风险评价指标体系;并利用人工神经网络(ANN)强大的非线性函数逼近能力,将BP神经网络引入建设项目风险控制,构建基于BP神经网络的建设项目安全控制系统,从而实现建设项目安全管理的智能化。通过工程实例验证:该方法具有可行性和有效性,为实现建设项目安全管理目标及工期、成本、质量目标打下坚实的基础。 相似文献
225.
Xing-Yuan Wei Ling-Zi Sang Jia-Ning Chen Ya-Xian Zhu Yong Zhang 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3150-3157
Biodegradation of dissolved fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Ph) and pyrene (Py), three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), singly or as a mixture of the three, by two bacterial strains, MEBIC 5140 (Mycobacterium flavescens) and MEBIC 5141 (Mycobacterium scrofulaceum), as well as the effects of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), e.g. malic acid, citric acid and butyric acid on biodegradation of the three PAHs in mineral salts medium aqueous solution were investigated using a newly established dual-wavelength fluorimetric method. The results showed that biodegradation processes can be monitored simultaneously, quickly and simply by dual-wavelength fluorimetry. Both co-metabolism and inhibitory effects were found during the biodegradation of the three PAHs by MEBIC 5140 and MEBIC 5141. Positive effects of butyric acid and negative effects of citric acid on biodegradation of the three PAHs in a mixture were observed. 相似文献
226.
F. R. Funes-Monzote Marta Monzote E. A. Lantinga H. van Keulen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):765-783
From the 1960s onwards, a ‘High External Input’ dairy production model was applied widely in Cuba. Overall milk production
of the national herd increased considerably, but the system was inefficient from both a financial and energetic point of view.
In the early 1990s, after the abrupt end of inflow of capital and other resources from Eastern Europe, the dairy sector collapsed.
In the short term, the modern infrastructure of milk production deteriorated and the sector experienced profound vulnerability.
However, in the longer term, this situation stimulated a search for more sustainable approaches, such as low external input
Mixed Farming Systems (MFS). The current study aimed to evaluate two small scale prototype farms to assess the implications
of converting ‘Low External Input’ Dairy Farming Systems into MFS. Fifteen agro-ecological and financial indicators were selected
and monitored over a 6-year period. Two configurations of MFS, i.e. the proportion of the farm area occupied by arable crops,
were tested: 25 and 50%. Productivity, energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness all improved following conversion. Total energy
input was low for both farms and decreased over time, whereas energy efficiency was high and increased over time. Human labour
input was high directly following conversion, but decreased by one-third over the 6-year period. This study demonstrates,
at an experimental scale, the potential of MFS to achieve ecological, productivity and financial advantages for dairy production
in Cuba.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
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介绍了曝气生物滤池(BAF)在大港油田港东污水处理厂的应用,分析了污水处理系统试运中水质不稳的原因。通过调整运行参数。使污水处理系统出水水质达到COD〈55mg/l,氧氯〈10mg/l,浊度〈40NTU,满足超滤系统进水水质标准。 相似文献
229.
退耕还林(草)的生态补偿机制完善研究——以西部黄土高原地区为例 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
生态补偿措施是退耕还林(草)工程顺利进行的重要保障。以退耕还林(草)在黄土高原地区的实施情况为例,通过问卷调查,应用生态经济学的相关理论进行分析,认为应从以下几个方面完善退耕还林(草)工程的生态补偿机制:首先,建立退耕还林(草)的补偿组织体系;其次。以退耕还林(草)所造成的农民机会成本的损失来确定补偿标准。根据工程的进程和资金的投入情况.可将生态补偿划分为基本补偿、产业结构调整补偿和生态效益外溢补偿三个阶段;第三,根据产业结构调整取得显著成效所需的时间来确定补偿年限;最后提出退耕还林(草)的补偿方式及可能的资金渠道来源。生态补偿计量方法的研究将是今后研究的重点和难点。 相似文献
230.
为研究不同因素对半横向排烟模式下公路隧道火灾烟气逆流长度的影响规律,采用理论分析推导火灾烟气逆流长度与火源功率、排烟速度、排烟口面积和排烟口间距4个因素的无量纲关系式,运用数值模拟研究不同因素下火灾烟气的运动规律,最后拟合得到烟气逆流长度的无量纲关系式.结果表明:在半横向排烟模式下,烟气逆流长度随火源功率的增大而增大,... 相似文献