Low-temperature caproate production,microbial diversity,and metabolic pathway in xylose anaerobic fermentation

● Converting xylose to caproate under a low temperature of 20 °C by MCF was verified. ● Final concentration of caproate from xylose in a batch reactor reached 1.6 g/L. ● Changing the substrate to ethanol did not notably increase the caproate production. ● Four genera, including Bifidobacterium , were revealed as caproate producers. ● The FAB pathway and incomplete RBO pathway were revealed via metagenomic analysis. Mixed culture fermentation (MCF) is challenged by the unqualified activity of enriched bacteria and unwanted methane dissolution under low temperatures. In this work, caproate production from xylose was investigated by MCF at a low temperature (20 °C). The results showed that a 9 d long hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a continuously stirred tank reactor was necessary for caproate production (~0.3 g/L, equal to 0.6 g COD/L) from xylose (10 g/L). The caproate concentration in the batch mode was further increased to 1.6 g/L. However, changing the substrate to ethanol did not promote caproate production, resulting in ~1.0 g/L after 45 d of operation. Four genera, Bifidobacterium, Caproiciproducens, Actinomyces, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12, were identified as the enriched caproate-producing bacteria. The enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway for caproate production were identified via metagenomic analysis. The enzymes for the conversion of (C_n+2)-2,3-Dehydroxyacyl-CoA to (C_n+2)-Acyl-CoA (i.e., EC 1.3.1.8 and EC 1.3.1.38) in the reverse β-oxidation (RBO) pathway were not identified. These results could extend the understanding of low-temperature caproate production.     

How do you build back better so no one is left behind? Lessons from Sint Maarten,Dutch Caribbean,following Hurricane Irma

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals call for action to build back better in ways that leave no one behind. At the same time, ensuring a local voice is increasingly central to humanitarian engagement. These aims contrast with limited analysis of how local actors might be supported in these respects during response and recovery, and how far recommendations are specific or generalisable across richer and poorer national contexts. The paper begins by comparing lessons learnt by survivors and community organisations in Sint Maarten, Dutch Caribbean, following a high‐income state‐led response to Hurricane Irma in 2017 with the priorities of lower income, humanitarian‐led endeavours. The differences reveal the importance of economic resources as the basis for individual self‐reliance and a fragmented civil society with limited leadership ambitions in Sint Maarten. Strong cross‐cultural alignment nevertheless allows for a globally‐relevant and yet contextually‐sensitive framework for survivor‐led action and reconstruction.     

低压下近熄灭极限区域纸火蔓延实验研究

对低压下的近熄灭极限区域水平纸火蔓延进行了实验研究。通过降低环境压力和氧气浓度,确定了水平纸火蔓延的着火极限,并得出了在极限氧气浓度条件下的火蔓延速度变化规律。在相同氧气浓度下(43%)进行了不同压力的水平纸火蔓延实验。结果表明,火蔓延速度在近熄灭极限区域内非线性增加,通过比较分析前人火蔓延速度实验结果,确定了火蔓延近熄灭极限区域和线性增长区域的分界压力值。此外,得出了压力分界处的火焰变化特征,并根据火焰图像与理论分析,得出了不同区域内的火蔓延传热机制。     

驾驶员注意涣散检测技术研究

通过对注意涣散时驾驶员头部运动及面部表情变化特征的分析,系统实时监测驾驶员眼睛、嘴巴位置和运动状态信息,构建驾驶员注意涣散特征表征参量,实现对驾驶员注意涣散状态信息的检测与提取。驾驶员注意涣散表征量具有复杂的非线性特征,利用BP神经网络非线性识别的优势对驾驶员注意特征进行模式分类,实现驾驶员不同注意涣散状态下的特征捕捉。同时采用Dempster-Shafer证据推理技术,对驾驶注意涣散多源表征信息进行决策融合,实现对驾驶员注意涣散状态的判断。结果表明,BP神经网络与D-S规则多源信息决策融合技术的运用提高了驾驶员注意涣散特征检测的准确性和可靠性。     

2种多级厌氧系统处理高浓度焦化废水

利用多级厌氧无污泥返混与多级厌氧有污泥返混系统处理高浓度焦化污水后 ,证明多级厌氧无污泥返混系统 (各步之间没有生物数量的混合 )的性能优于多级厌氧有污泥返混系统 (各步之间有生物数量混合 )。多级厌氧无污泥返混比多级厌氧有污泥返混系统更能抵抗冲击荷载 (pH值高、COD和NH3 N浓度高 )、产生更多的沼气     

西沙永兴岛大气降水化学特征及来源分析

于2013年对南海西沙永兴岛雨水进行采集,分析了其主要阴阳离子,利用PMF模型对不同离子组成的来源进行解析并运用TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹污染物来源区域的分析.结果表明,永兴岛降水离子浓度顺序为：Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺.Na⁺和Cl^-是降水中主要的阴阳离子,表现出海洋性降水的特征.SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺、K⁺主要来源于海水,但SO₄^2-也受化石燃料燃烧等影响,而K⁺可能受生物质燃烧的影响.Ca²⁺主要来源于土壤,少数来源于其他影响.NO₃^-主要来源于化石燃料燃烧释放,而NH₄⁺有多种来源,包括内陆人为活动的排放和海洋本身有机物降解过程释放的影响.根据Redfield比,可以初步计算出降水中NO₃^-和NH₄⁺对南海新生产力的贡献约为4.8%~13.5%.后向气团轨迹表明,永兴岛降水的离子来源区域相对复杂,包括我国东北地区、南方区域,以及马来西亚等国家、地区的影响,或者来源于南海局地的影响.     

香河夏季PM2.5水溶性无机离子组分特征

2013年6月在中科院香河观测站对大气气溶胶化学组分特征进行研究.对PM2.5和PM10质量浓度进行在线监测,结果表明,观测期间PM2.5和PM10质量浓度均值与方差分别为(151.78±82.48)μg/m3和(250.47±106.99)μg/m3;SNA(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+)占PM2.5质量浓度的44.8%,且大多富集在粒径0.5~2.5μm的细颗粒物中.硫氧化率(SOR)、氮氧化率(NOR)平均值分别为0.35、0.31,SO2主要通过非均相的氧化反应转化为SO42-,NOx主要通过白天光化学反应转化为NO3-;灰霾和轻雾天较高的SOR和NOR表明,灰霾和轻雾天相比于清洁天有较多的SO2、NOx转化为SO42-、NO3-.气流后向轨迹分析表明灰霾和轻雾天空气质量受经过河北、山东及江苏北部气流影响.     

Uncertainties in a risk management context in early phases of offshore petroleum field development

The current risk management approach for the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry came into effect in 2001 and has been stable with minor changes for 15 years. Relatively few new installations were slated for development until quite recently, and several new projects have been started in the last few years. The paper considers the risk management approach in the pre-FEED phase and builds on two case studies selected from the most recent cases. These case studies have been evaluated with respect to how uncertainties are considered in the early phase, based on the submission of the Plan for Development and Operation, their evaluations by authorities and the supporting documents. Both case studies involve new concepts for which there is no experience from similar environments and/or water depths. In spite of what could have been expected, the case studies conclude that uncertainties have not been in focus at all during concept development. This appears to be definitely the case for the licensees, but also to be the case for the authorities. Some suggestions are presented for what could have been considered by the licensees and authorities.     

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders at Workplaces in the People’s Republic of China

This paper presents 2 musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire surveys in 10 different Chinese occupational groups. Data collected from 1,603 workers using a modified Nordic musculoskeletal disorders symptom questionnaire showed that the 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in the low back and shoulder-neck regions, was high at many Chinese workplaces. Significant differences existed between occupational groups. Assembly workers usually had higher neck-shoulder complaints compared to workers in most other occupations. However, the nature of assembly seemed also to influence the prevalence rate. Workers at a cassette recorder and a TV set assembly plant appeared to have more neck complaints compared with a group of thermos flask assemblers.     

浅析低碳技术的评价方法

低碳技术可分为3类:减碳技术、无碳技术、去碳技术,选择最优低碳技术是一个项目能否成功的关键。低碳技术评价的内容通常从能源使用率、经济效益、生命周期方面进行评价,对技术的综合性评价的基本方法大致有层次分析法、综合评分法、德尔菲法、熵值法、模糊综合评判法等,这些方法渗透于指标权重分析、模型建立评价当中。通过研究对这些技术的评价方法,确定最优的技术项目,以促进循环经济及可持续发展战略的实施和进行。