除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应

通过田间试验研究了4种除草剂在正常剂量下对2个优质小麦品种品质性状、蛋白质组分和旗叶保护酶系的影响.结果表明,整个籽粒灌浆过程中,2,4-D丁酯处理使籽粒蛋白质含量一直较高,世玛处理在灌浆前中期籽粒蛋白质含量较高,但灌浆末期籽粒蛋白质含量最低,巨星和骠马处理影响较小.2,4-D丁酯处理使收获时籽粒蛋白质含量及组分最高,湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、稳定时间和评价值等加工品质最好,世玛处理则使营养品质和加工品质最差,巨星和骠马处理影响相对较小.籽粒灌浆期间,2,4-D丁酯处理使旗叶SOD、CAT和POD活性一直较低,尤其是籽粒灌浆末期活性最低;其它除草剂使旗叶SOD、CAT和POD活性在不同灌浆时期存在差异:灌浆前中期,骠马处理使3种保护酶活性最高;灌浆后期,世玛处理使旗叶中保护酶活性下降缓慢,且活性最高.籽粒灌浆期前期,4种除草剂对旗叶中MDA含量的影响是:世玛＞骠马＞CK＞巨星＞2,4-D丁酯,灌浆中后期,2,4-D丁酯和巨星处理使MDA含量快速提高,世玛和骠马处理使MDA含量升高相对较慢,到灌浆末期,2,4-D丁酯使MDA含量最高,世玛处理最低.图5表2参22     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)胁迫对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对海洋贝类抗氧化防御系统的毒性效应及致毒机理,在实验室条件下研究了PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h急性毒性,同时探讨PFOS胁迫和净水恢复过程中翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团组织中抗氧化指标(SOD活性、GSH和MDA含量)的变化。结果显示,PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h半致死浓度(LC50)为68.3mg·L-1,安全浓度为6.83mg·L-1。在PFOS胁迫阶段,1mg·L-1浓度组外套膜SOD活性显著性升高(p<0.05),内脏团SOD酶活性显著降低(p<0.05);而PFOS浓度高于1mg·L-1时,外套膜SOD活性显著性降低(p<0.05),内脏团SOD活性显著升高(p<0.05)。PFOS胁迫对翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团中GSH含量均有显著的诱导作用(p<0.05),PFOS胁迫15d后各浓度组GSH含量均受到显著的抑制(p<0.05)。翡翠贻贝外套膜MDA含量受PFOS胁迫后显著升高(p<0.05),内脏团MDA含量的变化呈先降低、后升高的规律。净水释放阶段,翡翠贻贝两组织中SOD活性在释放7d后均恢复至对照组水平,GSH含量和MDA含量呈显著升高的趋势(p<0.05)。研究结果表明,PFOS暴露能够引起翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团氧化胁迫,但这种损伤的效果不明显,释放短时间后即可自我恢复。     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

Health risk assessment and oxidative stress in workers exposed to welding fumes

The aim of this study was designed to determine the influence of welding fumes on oxidative stress in humans and the role of metals. A questionnaire was designed to collect information regarding personal characteristics, including age, weight, height, and medical history; life style such as smoking status and exercise habits; and occupational history such as working history, working environment, employment duration, and use of protective equipment. Body mass index (BMI) in kg/m² was then calculated for each participant. Blood samples were also drawn to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and various metals in plasma. Significantly higher plasma MDA (4.08 µg/L) was observed as compared to controls (1.61 µg/L). Blood metal analysis also showed elevated level of metals in welders for cadmium, chromium, lead,and nickel. Data indicated that workers occupationally exposed to welding fumes for prolong periods possessed higher metal levels associated with increased oxidative stress as evidenced by elevated MDA levels.     

高浓度Zn2+对克氏原螯虾几种免疫学相关指标的影响

采用毒性试验方法,研究在不同暴露时间下0、5和10 mg·L-1 Zn2 对克氏原螯虾血清和肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量等免疫学相关指标的影响.结果表明,肝胰腺ACP和溶菌酶活力远高于血清,而血清SOD活力、MDA含量高于肝胰腺.血清SOD、ACP、溶菌酶活力和MDA含量在暴露1 d后均表现为升高,然后持续下降,与暴露时间呈负相关;但暴露21 d后,除溶菌酶外,SOD、ACP活力和MDA含量均只稍低于对照组.肝胰腺SOD活力在暴露7 d内受到抑制,在第14天时被激活,暴露21 d后出现轻微抑制作用;ACP和溶菌酶活力均表现为先被激活再受抑制的过程,但暴露21 d后肝胰腺ACP抑制程度较血清深.这说明肝胰腺比血清更容易受Zn2 污染的影响,通过提高免疫系统相关酶活力,克氏原螯虾对高强度Zn2 污染具有很强的耐受能力.     

菲和芘单一及复合污染对蚯蚓抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

采用自然土壤法,以蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,探讨了不同剂量、不同暴露时间菲(Pbe)和芘(Pyr)单一及复合污染胁迫对蚯蚓的毒性效应.结果表明.菲和芘单一作用时.SOD活性均表现为低剂量激活,高剂量抑制;而MDA含量在暴露2 d内明显增加,第14 d时与对照...     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对斜生栅藻的致毒效应研究

为了评估邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对水生生物的毒性效应,采用室内培养的方法,研究了DBP对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的急性毒性效应.实验设置5个暴露组(5、10、20、50、100mg·L-1)和1个对照组(0mg·L-1),暴露96h后分别测定DBP对斜生栅藻生长量、光合色素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,各暴露组DBP对斜生栅藻的生长均有抑制作用,随DBP暴露浓度的增大,藻细胞密度逐渐降低,显示出明显的剂量-效应关系.DBP对斜生栅藻的24、48、72、96h的EC50值分别为3.31、15.49、1.95、2.21mg·L-1.叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素含量随着DBP暴露浓度的增大呈现相同的变化趋势,均为低浓度(5～10mg·L-1)上升,高浓度(10～100mg·L-1)下降.随DBP暴露浓度的增大,斜生栅藻SOD活性表现为先激活后抑制,在20mg·L-1时SOD活性达到最大值(与对照比较,p<0.05);当DBP暴露浓度≥10mg·L-1时,MDA含量随DBP浓度的增大显著增加(与对照比较,p<0.05,p<0.01).     

钝顶螺旋藻对Cd胁迫的生理反应

研究了钝顶螺旋藻在Cd胁迫下的生理指标的变化.结果表明,在CdCl2浓度为0～24 mg/L范围的Cd胁迫下,随着CdCl2浓度的增加,可溶性蛋白的含量明显低于对照组,抗氧化系统也受到了不同程度的影响.SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活力呈先增后降趋势,其中POD活力增加的程度较大,最高可达对照的360%,最低也为对照组的262%.在0～24 mg/L浓度范围内,APX(抗坏血酸氧化酶)活力均低于对照组,但随CdCl2浓度的增加呈递增状态.CAT(过氧化氢酶)均高于对照组,整体呈增加的趋势.GSH-PX(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活力均低于对照,最低降至对照组的25%.MDA(丙二醛)作为膜脂质过氧化的产物,其累积是Cd胁迫的突出的生理变化之一,MDA的含量与CdCl2的浓度呈正相关.     

全氟辛酸对酿酒酵母细胞毒性作用

全氟辛酸(PFOA)广泛应用于工业生产中,具有高度的生物毒性及生物蓄积性,然而PFOA对环境微生物的毒性影响仍有待深入开展.通过流式细胞术测定了酵母菌在不同浓度PFOA胁迫下细胞膜通透性、ROS、线粒体跨膜电位的变化,并且测定了MDA含量和Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性变化.结果显示PFOA可使PI染色细胞比例增高,酿酒酵母细胞膜通透性增大、ROS和MDA含量升高、线粒体跨膜电位降低,且ROS含量、MDA含量与线粒体跨膜电位降幅均与PFOA胁迫浓度和时间呈正相关.Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性先上升后降低,表明酿酒酵母在PFOA胁迫下,其生理活性受到抑制甚至发生细胞凋亡.证明PFOA对酿酒酵母具有生物毒性,100 mg·L-1PFOA对酿酒酵母具有即时毒性.该结果可为PFOA的影响评价提供更多依据.